1. Development Through the Lifespan
Chapter 2
Biological and
Environmental
Foundations
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:
Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;
Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;
Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

2. Genotypes and Phenotypes
Genetic make-up of
an individual
Phenotype
Observable
characteristics of
an individual
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

3. Genetic Foundations
Chromosomes – store and transmit genetic information.
Genes – segments of DNA located along the chromosomes
DNA – substance of which genes and chromosomes are made.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

4. Genetic Foundations
Chromosomes – store and transmit genetic information.
Genes – segments of DNA located along the chromosomes
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

5. Genetic Foundations
Chromosomes – each person has 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs.
Twenty-two of these pairs, called autosomes, look the same in both males and females. The 23rd pair, the sex chromosomes, differ between males and females. Females have two copies of the X chromosome, while males have one X and one Y chromos
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

6. Genetic Foundations
DNA –form units called base pairs, and are attached to a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule. Together, called a Nucleotide.
Nucleotides are arranged in two long strands that form a spiral called a double helix.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

7. Dominant-Recessive Inheritance
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

8. X-Linked Inheritance
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

9. Genetic Imprinting and Mutation
Chemical marker that activates either father’s or mother’s gene.
Often temporary.
Mutation
Sudden, permanent change in a DNA segment.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

10. Genetic Imprinting The Human Genome Project and Genomic Research
The Human Genome Project was an international research effort to determine the sequence of the human genome and identify the genes that it contains. The Project was coordinated by the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Department of Energy.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

11. Genetic Imprinting and Mutation
myDNA.com - Inheritance of Genetic Disorders
. Mutation
Sudden, permanent change in a DNA segment
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

12. Chromosomal Abnormalities
Down Syndrome – results from problems with the 21st chromosome.
Sex Chromosome Abnormalities – problems with the X or Y chromosomes
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

13. Prenatal Diagnostic Methods
Amniocentesis
Chorionic Villus Sampling
Fetoscopy
Ultrasound
Maternal Blood Analysis
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

14. Reproductive Technologies
Donor Insemination
In Vitro Fertilization
Surrogate Mother
New Technologies
Find pic.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

15. Adoption and Adjustment
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

16. Environmental Contexts for Development
Family
Socioeconomic Status
Neighborhoods
Towns and Cities
Cultural Context
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

17. Family Influences on Development
Direct
Two-person relationships
Indirect
Third Parties
Adapting to Change
Changes from within and outside the family
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

18. Socioeconomic Status and Family Functioning
Timing of Family Life Cycle
Values and Expectations
Father’s Involvement
Communication and Discipline Styles
Children’s Cognitive Development
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

19. Who is Poor? 12% of U.S and Canadian population
Parents under age 25 with young children
Elderly living alone, especially women
Ethnic Minorities
Women
Children
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

20. Children in Poverty: U.S. and Canada
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

21. Individualist and Collectivist Societies
People think of themselves as separate from other people.
Concerned with personal goals.
Collectivist
People define themselves as part of a group.
Concerned with group goals over individual goals.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

22. Social Policies and Poverty in Late Adulthood
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

23. How Much Does Heredity Contribute to Behavior?
Heritability Estimates
Portion of individual differences attributable to genetics.
Ranges from 0 to 1.00.
Concordance
What percent of the time do twins both show a trait?
Ranges from 0 to 100%.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

24. Genetic-Environment Correlation
Passive Correlation
Evocative Correlation
Active Correlation
Niche-picking
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

25. The Epigenetic Framework
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004