1. POETRY-1 (ENG403) Instructor Bushra Ashraf LECTURE 1

2. BIOGRAPHY I did my M.A English Language, Linguistics and Literature from National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad. In the same year after completing my M.A degree I joined NUML as a Lecturer. I joined M.Phil English Linguistics program from NUML in 2011 and continue with the research work at present.

3. COURSE BASICS Course CodeENG403 Course TitlePoetry-1 Credit Hours3(3,0) Labs/PracticleNo Lectures32

4. COURSE DESCRIPTION/OVERVIEW Genre-specific historical development of English poetry from 14 th century to the 18 th century Geoffrey Chaucer Edmund Spenser John Milton Alexander Pope John Donne

5. COURSE DESCRIPTION/OVERVIEW The connection between the human imagination and words is very deep. This course offers some examples of the expression of personal feeling and ideas. The poems included in the selection can be studied as a refined commentary on the aesthetic concerns related to poetry and its types.

6. COURSE OBJECTIVES To understand and critically appreciate different genres of poetry. To analyse and compare poetic style, themes, meanings, linguistic and literary patterns. To analyze the feelings, reflections or moods conveyed in a poem through careful choice of words and phrases.

7. COURSE OVERVIEW TopicsObjectives/ Application Lecture 1 Introduction Poetry To know the importance and types of poetry and to enable the students to analyze poems Lecture 02-07 The Prologue to the Canterbury Tales Geoffrey Chaucer To familiarize the students with narrative and descriptive poetry Lecture 08-14 The Faerie Queene Edmund Spenser To familiarize the students with the concept of allegory Lecture 15-21 Paradise Lost John Milton To familiarize the students with the concept of an epic. Lecture 22-26 Love Songs Holy Sonnets John Donne To familiarize students of Metaphysical poetry and Holy Sonnets Lecture 27-32 The Rape of the Lock Alexander Pope To familiarize the students of the characteristic features of the neo- classical poetry and mock-epic genre.

8. GRADING Quiz10% Assignments10% Graded Discussion5% Mid-term25% Final50%

9. POETRY The distinction between historian and poet is not in the one writing prose and the other verse… the one describes the thing that has been, and the other a kind of thing that might be. Hence poetry is something more philosophic and of graver import than history, since its statements are of the nature rather of universals, whereas those of history are singulars. Aristotle, On Poetics

10. POETRY Poetry is the art of uniting pleasure with truth. Samuel Johnson Poetry is the spontaneous outflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origins from emotion recollected in tranquillity. William Wordsworth, Lyrical Ballads, 1802 Poetry: the best words in the best order. Samuel Taylor Coleridge Poetry is the record of the best and happiest moments of the happiest and best minds. Percy Bysshe Shelley

11. POETRY So poetry may be defined as “Literary work in which special intensity is given to the expression of feelings and ideas by the use of distinctive style and rhythm;...”

12. POETIC LICENSE The language and syntax of poetry is different from the language and syntax of Prose. Poets arrange the words in a way to suit their need of rhythm and rhyme. Poets have the liberty to use language in extraordinary way. For example, using a noun as a verb etc. This freedom is called Poetic License.

13. CATEGORIES OF POETRY Descriptive Poetry Reflective Poetry Narrative Poetry

14. DESCRIPTIVE POETRY Descriptive poems are centered around the object of interest and they serve a didactic purpose. Descriptive poems compel the reader to visualize the object, place or person of interest as pictured by the poet himself.

15. REFLECTIVE POETRY Reflective poems contain some explicit or implicit generalization about life, by the poet. Simply put, it is a mere reflection of the state of mind of the poet put forth in a poetic manner.

16. NARRATIVE POETRY The poet narrates a story through the use of poetic diction. It is considered to be one of the oldest form of poetry and it often focuses on the pros and cons of life.

17. TYPES OF POETRY Lyric Poetry Ballad Sonnet Ode Elegy Epic

18. LYRIC POETRY A lyric is a short poem which has the characteristics of a song. It pertains to a single mood or feeling and is more personal in nature.

19. BALLAD A ballad is a type of a narrative poem which deals with a heroic theme. A ballad has musical quality and it has a set theme and fixed metrical form.

20. SONNET A sonnet is a relatively short poem consisting of merely fourteen lines. It is known to follow a strict pattern of rhyme. It is divided into two parts - the octave and the sestet. This separation marks the end or break in thought. It is further classified into: o Petrarchan o Shakespearean o Spenserian sonnet

21. ODE This type of poem is a direct address to a particular person or a thing. It is relatively elaborate in its structure. It is divided into three parts: 1.the strophe 2.antistrophe 3.the epode. Odes have a serious overtone, with the strophe and the antistrophe looking at the subject from conflicting perspectives, while the epode tries to resolve the underlying issues.

22. EPIC An epic is long narrative poem about a hero containing the following elements: o Theme o an invocation to the muse o Battles o Romance o Supernatural elements o Journeys o Descent to the Underworld o Epic Similes

23. ANALYSIS OF A POEM Critical Appreciation Linguistic Analysis Conclusion

24. CRITICAL APPRECIATION Content Matter Theme

25. LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS Diction Figures of Speech

26. FIGURES OF SPEECH-1 Metaphor Simile Personification Metonymy Apostrophe Hyperbole Understatement Litotes Transferred Epithet

27. METAPHOR In a metaphor, the two things are linked or equated implicitly without using like or as: “Love is a rose but you better not pick it.”

28. SIMILE In a simile, the comparison is stated explicitly with the help of a word such as like or as. “My love is like a red, red rose / That's newly sprung in June.”

29. METONYMY Metonymy makes associations or substitutions. The place name "Hollywood," for example, has become a metonym for the American film industry

30. PERSONIFICATION Personification is a particular type of metaphor that assigns the characteristics of a person to something non-human. Carvel. It's what happy tastes like. (Carvel ice cream) Acer. We hear you. (Acer computers)

31. APOSTROPHY Apostrophe not only animates something absent or non-living but also addresses it directly. For instance, in Johnny Mercer's song "Moon River," the river is apostrophized: "Wherever you're going, I'm going your way.“ In “Ode to the West Wind” Shelley addresses the wind.

32. HYPERBOLE Hyperbole exaggerates the truth for emphasis To say that Uncle Wheezer is "older than dirt" is an example of hyperbole.

33. UNDERSTATEMENT Understatement says less and means more To say that he's "a bit long in the tooth" is probably an understatement.

34. LITOTES Litotes is a type of understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite. We might say that he is "not as young as he used to be."

35. TRANSFERRED EPITHET The feelings of the speaker are transferred to the atmosphere or the non-living or abstract things. Weary night

36. FIGURES OF SPEECH-2 Alliteration Assonance Consonance Onomatopoeia Anaphora Antithesis Paradox Oxymoron

37. ALLITERATION Alliteration refers to the repetition of an initial consonant sound. a peck of pickled peppers Monday Morning How high his highness holds his haughty head

38. ASSONANCE Assonance through the repetition of similar vowel sounds in neighboring words. Internal Rhyming "It beats... as it sweeps... as it cleans!” "Do you like blue?"

39. CONSONANCE Consonance is a poetic device characterized by the repetition of the same consonant in successive words. “all mammals named Sam are clammy”

40. ONOMATOPOEIA Onomatopoeia refers to words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to. "Brrrriiiiiiiinng! An alarm clock clanged in the dark and silent room.“ "Chug, chug, chug. Puff, puff, puff. Ding-dong, ding-dong. The little train rumbled over the tracks."

41. ANAPHORA Anaphora refers to the repetition at the beginning of successive clauses. "I needed a drink, I needed a lot of life insurance, I needed a vacation, I needed a home in the country. What I had was a coat, a hat and a gun."

42. ANTITHESIS In an antithesis, contrasting ideas are juxtaposed in balanced phrases or clauses "Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing”

43. PARADOX A paradoxical statement appears to contradict itself “If you wish to preserve your secret, wrap it up in frankness” “Child is the father of man”

44. OXYMORON An oxymoron is a compressed paradox in which incongruous or contradictory terms appear side by side. “an open secret” “act naturally” “random order” “original copy”

45. REVIEW OF LECTURE 1 Poetry Broad Categories of Poetry Different Types of Poetry Analysis of Poetry Figures of Speech Next Lecture: Geoffrey Chaucer-14 th century