1. MONDAY, AUGUST 29  Grab a book today  Journal Entry #5: Discuss one thing you think you know about the Middle Ages…anything.

2. UNIT 2: THE MIDDLE AGES 450-1450

3. TIME LINE  450-1000: Earliest notated Gregorian chant manuscripts (c. 900) –Beowolf (c. 700) –Reign of Pope Gregory I (590-604) –Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emporer (800) (800)

4.  1000-1300: Troubadours and trouveres (c. 1100-1300) –Hildegard of Bingen (c. 1150) –School of Notre Dame (begun c. 1170)

5. Beginning of Notre Dame Cathedral (1163) Quick math: How old is Notre Dame? 848

6. –Norman Conquest (1066) –First Christian Crusade (1096-99) –Magna Carta signed (1215)

7.  1300-1450: Guilaume de Machaut – Notre Dame Mass (c. 1350) –Dante, The Divine Comedy (1321) –Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales (1387- 1400) –Joan of Arc executed by the English (1431)

8. THE MIDDLE AGES  The “Dark Ages” –War –Disease –Migration  3 Classes –1. Clergy –2. Nobility –3. Peasantry

9.  Education –Monks and boys in monestaries –Most people illiterate – even Nobility

10.  14 th c. Europe – Hundred Years War (1337-1453), “black death” (bubonic plague) killed ¼ of the population –During tumult, two rival popes claimed authority; everyone was scared and confused. –Literature such as Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales stressed graphic realism.  Later: Gothic cathedrals built, towns grew, universities founded = cultural growth

11. In General…  Early Middle Ages = BAD  Late Middle Ages – BETTER!

12. MUSIC IN THE MIDDLE AGES  Priests = most important musicians  Important occupation = liturgical singing –Boys vs. girls  Monestary/Convent  Vocal, some instruments –Church frowned on instruments  Source of conflict between composers and church authorities –After 1100 – church organ

13.  Earliest Organs –Keys operated by heavy pounding of the fist –Literally heard for miles

14. GREGORIAN CHANT –Official music of the Roman Catholic Church for the last 1000 years –Sung, unaccompanied (monophonic)

15. –Melody set to sacred Latin texts  Since Second Vatican Council (1962-1965): Most Roman Catholic services have been in native language of each county  Melody can be set: –1. Syllabically – one note per syllable –2. Neumatically – few notes per syllable –3. Melismatically – many notes per syllable

16. –Today, Gregorian chant less common –Enhances specific parts of service –Set atmosphere for prayers/rituals –Conveys calm – represents the voice of the church, rather than individual

17.  Rhythm –Flexible –Without meter –Little sense of beat – Rhythm wasn’t notated  Sounds like it floats, almost improvisational  Depending on nature of text, may be simple or elaborate

18. WHY THIS MATTERS!  For centuries, composers have continued to base compositions on chant melodies.  The same way old Indian trails are now our Interstate routes and major highways, Gregorian chant is the basis for ALL of our music today.

19. LISTENING TO GREGORIAN CHANT  Alleluia: Vidimus Stellam –gregorian chant –Books pg. 86  O Successores –Hildegard von Bingen –Books pg. 88

20.  Pope Gregory I (the Great) –590-604 –Reorganized the Catholic liturgy –Did not create it –Some came from: Jewish synagogues of the first centuries after Christ

21. –Most of the several thousand melodies known today were created A.D. 600- 1300  First melodies passed down by oral tradition  Eventually notated to ensure musical uniformity throughout the western church

22.  Since Second Vatican Council (1962- 1965): –Most Roman Catholic services have been in native language of each county –Today, Gregorian chant less common

23. CHURCH MODES  Unique sound of Gregorian chant is because of the scales that were used  Scales of the middle ages were church modes  7 different tones and an eighth tone to make an octave  Ancestors of modern-day scales

24.  7 Church Modes: –Ionian C-C –Dorian D-D

25. –Phrygian E-E –Lydian F-F

26. –Mixolydian G-G –Aeolian A-A

27. –Locrian B-B

28. HOMEWORK FOR TOMORROW  Create a timeline of important events we covered today regarding the Middle Ages. –It’s up to you to make it look however you think it should.

29. GROUP PRESENTATIONS Group A: 100 Years WarGroup C: Norman Conquest Bilal AzizTaimoor Aziz Aaron Brunnworth Jacob Burns Claire Chandler Andrew Drake Kalyn Moore Dominique Flyte Nathan NovakEmma Brown Group B: Black DeathGroup D: The Crusades Kieryn BeyerlAlec Camp Nick CabanBlake Noud Phil KosydorChris Pearson Ryan Kaminsky Anna Stamer Julian Harvey