1. Native Peoples of America to 1500 C.E.
Chapter 1, Boyer

2. Hiawatha member of Iroquois tribe Endless cycle of violence
Family threatened, wanders through forest
Has visions, meets holy man
Introduces condolence of peace to Iroquois tribes
Leads to creation of the League of the Iroquois
Represents a moment in American History before Columbus
Cultural diversity that existed in Pre-Columbian America

3. Chapter Focus Questions
What factors prompted the transition from Paleo-Indian to Archaic ways of life among the earliest Americans?
How did the varied environments of the Western Hemisphere shape the emergence of a wide diversity of Native American cultures?
What common values and practices did Native Americans share, despite their vast diversity

4. First Americans c. 13,000-2500 B.C.E. Two Theories Land bridge Boat
Last Ice Age
Hunters
From Siberia
Boat
More recent theory
Dated 13,000 B.C.E.
Evidence in Chile 10,500 B.C.E.

5. Paleo- Indians “earliest Americans” Foundation of Native American life
Hunter/gathers
Defined roles for men and women
Trade/exchange of ideas
End of Ice Age = change in way of life
Dramatic changes in physical environment

6. Clovis Peoples Location Characteristics End New Mexico to Nova Scotia
Sophisticated tools
Mobile communities
Technology spread quickly
End
Climate differentiated after ice age
Fragmentation occurred

7. Archaic Societies Changes in environment = changes in lifestyle
Changes in diet
Shift to year-round villages
More defined roles for men and women
5000 B.C.E. cultivation of Agriculture
Begins in Mesoamerica
Tehucan Indians 3000B.C.E.
Seed specialization
Introduction of 1st maize crop
Spread by 2500 B.C.E.
Still not significant part of daily diet

8. Cultural Diversity Mesoamerica and South America
Increased Crop Production
Maize-based farming spreads
Surplus leads to trade
Development of communities
Olmec
Urban centers
Hereditary rulers (chiefdoms)
Unequal society

9. Mesoamerica and South America Cont.
Development of Powerful States
Teotihuacan (2nd-7th cent.)
Lead bloody wars
Religious hierarchy
Extensive trade
Dominated Modern-day Mexico
Strong political system
Massive public works projects
Influences the Maya and the Aztecs
Declined 8th century

10. Mesoamerica and South America
Mayans
Kingdom-states, 7th- 15th centuries
Developed:
Calendar
Numerical system
Hieroglyphic writing
codices
Aztecs
Overthrew rulers in 1428
Conquering campaign
Religious rituals
Massive public works projects
Capital- Tenochtitlan
Based writing and calendar on Mayans
Modified environment for food production
Large trading system

12. Mesoamerica and South America
Incas
Andes
Capital- Cuzco
Dominate around 1438 C.E.
Ability to grow crops in harsh environment key to expansion
Modified environment
Public works

14. Revisit: Chapter Focus Questions
What factors prompted the transition from Paleo-Indian to Archaic ways of life among the earliest Americans?
How did the varied environments of the Western Hemisphere shape the emergence of a wide diversity of Native American cultures?
What common values and practices did Native Americans share, despite their vast diversity

15. Rewind: 13,000- 10,500 B.C.E. = peopling of North America
Earliest Americans= Paleo-Indians
Extinction of mammoths, mega bison = change in lifestyle for Paleo-Indians
Consequences:
Hunting smaller animals
Focus more on forging local resources
Leads to more diversity among groups, had to adapt to unique environments
10,000 – 4000 B.C.E. transition to Archaic Indians
Still migrated following food, few exceptions
Difference:
Use of stone tools (food preparation)
4000 B.C.E. shift to agriculture
Major change to permanent settlements
Southwest cultivating Maize by 3500 B.C.E.

16. Major Themes Chapter 1 Effects of Climate Shift
Shift from Paleo-Indian ways to Archaic
Experimentation with agriculture
Consequences of Farming
Shift to year-round villages
Major transformations in societies who people cultivated crops as primary source of food
Example: Plains Indians vs. Eastern Woodlands
Development of Native American culture
See Chart / North America
Native American ties
communal use and control of resources
Reciprocity: give/take, balance among people
Common use of bow/arrow, production of ceramic pottery, similar rituals for burial of dead
Preference for independent, kin-based communities
Conformity and close cooperation, strong sense of order
Customs: used to reinforce conformity
Respect came from providing for people not by force
Belief that nature was alive, spiritual sense
Strong sense of interdependence
Mesoamerica/South America
Breeding of crops lead to development of large urban centers
Eventually formed chiefdoms with hereditary rulers
C.E. 1 = states with centralized, hierarchical power rose
Mayans, Aztecs
Major Themes Chapter 1

17. Southwest Alaska California Eastern Woodlands Farming- 400 B.C.E.
-intro of drought resistant maize
-increased population
No farming
-fishing/ hunting/ gathering
-salmon
-acorns
Developed complex political organization before farming
-on floodplains of Mississippi
Hohokam: 3rd c. B.C.E.
Farmed Arizona
Built elaborate canals
Inuits and Aleuts:
Adapted to environment and landscapes
bow/arrow
Ceramic pottery
Competition for acorns led to defining territorial boundaries more rigidly and more intricate political, economic, and religious organization
Adena: 1200 B.C.E.
Moundbuilders, Poverty Pt
Ohio Valley
1st c. B.C.E. developed into Hopewell
Wider area, more complex centers, trade
Abandoned 5th c. C.E.
Anasazi: 10th-12th c. C.E.
-built towns, controlled rainwater, turquoise industry
-drought= decline
25,000 sites
Irrigation
Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon
Mississippian: 7th c. C.E.
-first full-time farmers
-combined Hopewell culture and ideas from Mexico
-massive trade
-huge urban centers (Cahokia)
13th c. C.E. = decline
*end of political centralization

18. Anasazi

19. Cahokia

20. Iroqouis

21. Europe on the Eve of Exploration
12th-15th centuries C.E.
Massive trade
Mediterranean trade
Europe/Asia/Africa
Competition between
Land route to Asia blocked by Ottoman Turks 1453
Bubonic plague
Reduced population and food supply
New ideology/ taking risks
Scientific/technological advances
Printing press
Maritime advances
Religion
Spread of Christianity
Catholic “reconquista”
Protestant revolution
Renaissance
Ancient Greek/ Romans
Mapping
Prince Henry the Navigator increase in scientific knowledge
Little Ice Age
Monarchs/Imperialism
New nation-states
France, England, Spain, Portugal
Crave resources/wealth
Solidify power

22. Beginnings of North American Exploration

23. Native Americans in 1490 Population stats vary
1/3 lived in Mississippi valley
Low population density
Abundant resources (enough for everyone)
Major Differences b/w Indians and Europeans
Indians lacked
Wheels, sailing ships, domesticated animals, use of metals other than copper
No sense of land ownership, not motivated by wealth/power
Belief in collective bargaining
Self- determination
Rough equality (men/women, rich/poor)
No concept of gender issues, class hierarchies

27. Columbus