1. The Earliest Human Societies
Mr. Pagliaro
Seymour High School

2. Unit Objective
Explain the origins, development, and achievements of early human beings.

3. Archaeology & Anthropology
Part 1

4. Part 1 Goals Develop timeline skills
Define artifact, remain, archaeology, & anthropology
Identify prehistory and its ages.

5. Time (and reading a timeline)
OLDER
year
NEWER
Simple Version BC AD
Traditional Western Version
BCE CE
Contemporary Version

6. Traditional Dates – Used w/ Julian & Gregorian Calendars; began usage in 525. There is NO year 0.
B.C.
A.D.
Literally, in English, “Before Christ”
Marks year 1 as the birth of the historical figure, Jesus, that Christianity is based around.
All things BC come before this event.
The larger the number, the older it is (like NEGATIVE numbers).
Literally, in Latin, “anno domini”
Translates to ‘The Year of Our Lord”
Marks year 1 as the birth of the historical figure, Jesus, that Christianity is based around.
All things AD start with this event, or come later.
The larger the number, the newer it is.

7. Contemporary Dates – Used to be sensitive of non-Christian peoples
Contemporary Dates – Used to be sensitive of non-Christian peoples. Also has no year 0. Introduced in 1800s by Jewish scholars in Europe.
B.C.E.
C.E.
Before the Common Era
Alternatively, Before the Christian Era
Still uses the birth of the figure Jesus to mark year 1.
All things BCE come before this event.
Same as B.C.
The larger the number, the older it is (like NEGATIVE numbers)
Common Era
Alternatively, Christian Era
Still uses the birth of the figure Jesus to mark year 1.
All things CE start with this event, or come later.
Same as A.D.
The larger the number, the newer it is.

8. Studying Prehistory – Turn & Talk
What is prehistory?
What clues exist to help understand prehistory?
Who studies prehistory?
The period before written records.
artifacts & remains
archaeologists, anthropologists, & paleontologists

9. Artifacts & Remains??? Artifact: Remains: Anything made by humans
Preserved (fossilized or decomposed) dead, human body parts

10. Archaeologists vs. Anthropologists
Scientists
Study human society and culture
Use artifacts and human remains.
Scientists
Study a group of people’s unique way of life
Use artifacts and remains.
Paleontologists study all fossils, and use complex techniques to determine how old they are.
In the United States, archaeology is a subcategory of anthropology.

11. Paleontologist?

12. Hypothesize:
What challenges may archaeological teams face in the field?

13. Three Ages of Prehistory
Ages based on technology
Stone Age
Paleolithic Era – Old Stone Age
Neolithic Era – New Stone Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age

14. Hunters & Gatherers
Part 2

15. Part 2 – Hunters & Gatherers
Main Ideas
Why it matters now
Geography-Early humans adapted their natural environment.
Culture-Humans created tools, language, religion, and art to improve life.
Early humans created the first tools. Today, technology continues to improve our lives and helps us survive. The roots of modern culture began in the Paleolithic era.

16. Key Vocabulary
Terms
Names
nomad (nomadic)
hunter-gatherer
technology

17. Part 2 Goals Identify human achievements of the Paleolithic Era
Understand early human culture

18. Key Questions How did early humans interact with the environment?
What were some tools developed by early humans?
What type of culture did early humans create?

19. Early Humans’ Way of Life
Early humans = hunter-gatherers
Nomadic; migration
Equal gender roles
Lived in small bands; approx. 30 people

20. Human Migration
By 15,000 BC – humans migrated to all parts of the word

21. The Development of Tools
Hominids controlled fire 500,000 years ago
Turn & Talk: What are the benefits of fire?
Technology-knowledge, tools, inventions to meet needs
Early stone axes
Complex tools
Build shelter
ALL IMPROVE LIFE

22. Early Human Culture Language Religion Art Aided cooperation
Explain the unexplainable
Natural spirits
Art
Make people happy
Illustrate life/religion

23. Part 2 – Summary Hunters-gatherers were nomads
Fire and tools improved lives.
Early humans created language, religion, and art.

24. Agriculture Emerges
Part 3

25. Key Vocabulary slash-and-burn farming domestication
Terms
Names
slash-and-burn farming
domestication
Neolithic Revolution (Agricultural Revolution)

26. Part 3 – Agriculture Emerges
Main Ideas
Why it matters now
Economics-The development of agriculture caused an increase in population and the growth of a settled way of life.
New methods for obtaining food and the development of technology laid the foundations for modern civilizations.

27. Part 3 Goals Describe the Neolithic Revolution
Explore the impact of agriculture on human life
Explain the growth of villages

28. Key Questions
How did new technologies support the emergence of agriculture?
What impact did agriculture have on the lives of people?
How did farming develop independently in various parts of the world?

29. The Beginning of Agriculture
Climate Changes
Longer growing season
Domesticated wild grasses
Domestication of Animals – c BC
Planting – c BC
Slash-and-Burn Farming
Use of digging sticks, hoes, sickles
Villages developed
Learn to Discover: What new farming methods & tools did early farmers invent?

30. Why Hunt? Why Gather? Join the Neolithic Revolution!!!

31. Quick Review What effect did new technologies have on early humans?
How did farming change the way people lived?

32. Farming Developed in Many Places
River Valleys
Africa (Nile)
Asia (Tigris & Euphrates, Huang He, Indus)
Irrigation
Americas
Higher elevations first
3-Sister’s farming

33. Agriculture Emerges: 5000-500 BC

34. Part 3 Summary
Post-Ice Age, the Neolithic Revolution brought planting crops & domestication of animals
Populations grew in permanent farming villages
Farming developed independently in many areas of the world.

35. Cities & Civilization Develop
Part 4

36. Key Vocabulary civilization specialization artisan institutions Jarmo
Terms
Names
civilization
specialization
artisan
institutions
Jarmo
Çatal Hüyük Ur

37. Part 3 – Agriculture Emerges
Main Ideas
Why it matters now
Economics-The development of agriculture caused an increase in population and the growth of a settled way of life.
Culture-patterns of government, specialized workers, and social classes developed in complex cultures.
New methods for obtaining food and the development of technology laid the foundations for modern civilizations.

38. Part 3 Goals Explain how villages grew into cities
List and clarify the characteristics of civilizations (book) and the elements of civilization (teacher).
Describe how the city of Ur exemplifies these traits.

39. Key Questions
How can an increased population complicate social relationships?
What roles do complex institutions play in the lives of people?
How might complex institutions help organize society?

40. Villages Around the World
Surpluses Boosted Development
Food & material surpluses
Helped in bad seasons
Populations grew
Specialization developed

41. Villages Grew More Complex
Surpluses led to:
Trade
Artisans
Social classes
Government
Earliest complex villages:
Jarmo
Çatal Hüyük
Jericho

42. Why is the
"Neolithic Revolution"
a turning point
in human history??

43. What is the
next step in the
development of
human settlements??

44. CITIES !
CIVILIZATIONS !!

45. What makes
a civilization?

46. Characteristics of Civilization

47. Mr. Pagliaro’s 6 Elements
Cities
Social
Classes
CIVILIZATION
Government
Religious
Activity
Written
Records
Artistic
Activity

48. Lesson Summary
Improved farming techniques enabled village farmers to grow surplus food
Simple villages sometimes grew into complex villages
Complex villages grew into cities, and developed civilization.