1. Native Peoples of America to 1500 C.E.
Chapter 1, Boyer

2. Hiawatha member of Iroquois tribe Endless cycle of violence
Family threatened, wanders through forest
Has visions, meets holy man
Introduces condolence of peace to Iroquois tribes
Leads to creation of the League of the Iroquois
Represents a moment in American History before Columbus
Cultural diversity that existed in Pre-Columbian America

3. Chapter Focus Questions
What factors prompted the transition from Paleo-Indian to Archaic ways of life among the earliest Americans?
How did the varied environments of the Western Hemisphere shape the emergence of a wide diversity of Native American cultures?
What common values and practices did Native Americans share, despite their vast diversity

4. First Americans c. 13,000-2500 B.C.E. Two Theories Land bridge Boat
Last Ice Age
Hunters
From Siberia
Boat
More recent theory
Dated 13,000 B.C.E.
Evidence in Chile 10,500 B.C.E.

5. Paleo- Indians “earliest Americans” Foundation of Native American life
Hunter/gathers
Defined roles for men and women
Trade/exchange of ideas
End of Ice Age = change in way of life
Dramatic changes in physical environment

6. Archaic Societies Changes in environment = changes in lifestyle
Changes in diet
Shift to year-round villages
More defined roles for men and women
5000 B.C.E. cultivation of Agriculture
Begins in Mesoamerica
Tehucan Indians 3000B.C.E.
Seed specialization
Introduction of 1st maize crop
Spread by 2500 B.C.E.
Still not significant part of daily diet

7. Cultural Diversity Mesoamerica and South America
Increased Crop Production
Maize-based farming spreads
Surplus leads to trade
Development of communities
Olmec
Urban centers
Hereditary rulers (chiefdoms)
Unequal society

8. Mesoamerica and South America Cont.
Development of Powerful States
Teotihuacan (2nd-7th cent.)
Lead bloody wars
Religious hierarchy
Extensive trade
Dominated Modern-day Mexico
Strong political system
Massive public works projects
Influences the Maya and the Aztecs
Declined 8th century

9. Mesoamerica and South America
Mayans
Kingdom-states, 7th- 15th centuries
Developed:
Calendar
Numerical system
Hieroglyphic writing
codices
Aztecs
Overthrew rulers in 1428
Conquering campaign
Religious rituals
Massive public works projects
Capital- Tenochtitlan
Based writing and calendar on Mayans
Modified environment for food production
Large trading system

11. Mesoamerica and South America
Incas
Andes
Capital- Cuzco
Dominate around 1438 C.E.
Ability to grow crops in harsh environment key to expansion
Modified environment
Public works

13. Revisit: Chapter Focus Questions
What factors prompted the transition from Paleo-Indian to Archaic ways of life among the earliest Americans?
How did the varied environments of the Western Hemisphere shape the emergence of a wide diversity of Native American cultures?
What common values and practices did Native Americans share, despite their vast diversity