1. Anatomical Terms and Reference Points
Mr. Frey
Athletic Training
Terms #1 worksheet

2. Why do we use these terms?
Medical language
Common language and way of describing the body between medical professionals

3. Anatomical position Anatomical Starting point
Unless another position is specifically mentioned

4. Planes of the body
Sagital Plane – invisible line that divides the body into equal right and left halves
Transverse (horizontal) Plane – Invisible line that divides the body into equal top and bottom halves
Coronal (frontal) Plane – Invisible line that divides the body into equal front and back halves
Center of gravity - exists at the intersection of all three planes

5. The Planes of the body

7. Flexion / Extension Flexion - Decreasing the angle of a joint
Extension Increasing the angle of a joint

8. Supination / Pronation
Supination – Turning the palms upward
Pronation – Turning the palms downward

9. Circumduction
Moving an appendage in a cone like motion

10. Adduction / Abduction Add vs. Abb
Adduction - to move a body part closer to the Sagital Plane
Abduction – to move a body part away from the Sagital Plane
Jumping Jacks

11. Horizontal Abb and Adduction
Moving a limb either toward or away from the Sagital Plane while the limb remains parallel to the transverse Plane

12. Medial Closer to the Sagital Plane The “inside”
Usually used to refer to a location of something on the body
The athlete presents with a bruise on the lateral side of the thigh

13. Lateral Further away from the Sagital Plane The “outside”
Usually used to refer to a location of something on the body
The player was weight bearing and was struck in the lateral side of the knee

14. Proximal
Something that is closer to the middle of the body or something is closer to the middle of the body than something else
“closer”
Proximal – sounds like proximity
Proximal IP Joint
The fracture occurred in the distal 1/3 of the Femur

15. Distal
Something that is further from the middle of the body or something is further from the middle of the body than something else
“further away ”
Distal – sounds like distance
Proximal Interphalangeal Joint
The fracture occurred in the distal 1/3 of the Femur

16. Anatomical Reference Points

17. Inversion / Eversion Inversion – turning the sole of the foot inward
One of the most common mechanisms for injury in sports
Eversion - turning the sole of the foot outward

18. Dorsiflexion / Plantarflexion
Only occurs at the ankle
Plantarflexion – pointing the toes/foot downward
“plant” you foot
Dorsiflexion – pulling the toes/foot upwards

19. Acute Injuries Occur suddenly during activity “Mack truck syndrome”
Sprains, Sprains, Fracture, Contusions, etc.
Sings and symptoms can include:
sudden, severe pain
swelling
inability to place weight on a lower limb
extreme tenderness in an upper limb
inability to move a joint through full range of motion
extreme limb weakness
visible dislocation / break of a bone

20. Chronic Injuries Injuries that occur over time
Usually result from overusing one area of the body while playing a sport or exercising over a long period
“itis”
Tendonitis, bursitis, arthritis, shin splints, stress fractures
Signs and symptoms may include
pain when performing activities
a dull ache when at rest
swelling

21. Inferior / Superior Inferior – Below or bottom Superior – Above or top
The laceration is on the inferior part of the foot
The athlete was struck 3 inches inferior to the patella
Superior – Above or top
The athlete mad contact with the superior aspect of his helmet

22. Anterior You may also use ventral Front or in front of
Something could be anterior to something else
Could be an anterior view of something
A view from the front

23. Posterior Could also use dorsal Back or behind something Dorsal fin
Something could be posterior to something else
Could be a posterior view of something
A view from the back

24. Sprain Stretch or tear of a ligament Ligament connect bone to bone
Usually due to forced excessive movements

25. Strain Stretch or tear of a muscle or tendon
Muscle – contractile fiber that produces movement
Tendon – connect bone to muscle
Usually occurs due to muscular imbalance or inflexibility
“pulled” muscle

26. Grading system for Sprains and Strains
Grade 1 – overstretch
Microtears
Grade 2 – partial tear
Grade 3 – complete tear
rutpure

27. Dislocation / Subluxation
Dislocation- bone comes out of the joint and stays out
Bodies response to the dislocation may make the injury worse
Subluxation – bone comes out of the joint but the body reduced the joint itself
“pops out but pops right back in”

28. Closed Chain vs. Open Chain
Closed Chain Position – Feet are always in contact with the ground
Bike, elliptical trainer, cross-country skiing
Compression forces = GOOD!
Open Chain Position – feet come off of the ground
Running / jogging
Shearing forces = BAD!

29. Gliding joint Two flat surfaces that glide over one another
Tarsals and carpals

30. Hinge Joint Allows movement in one plane only Uniaxial
IP joints, ulnohumeral joint (elbow)

31. Pivot Joint Allow one movement (rotation, pronation, supination)
Radius rotates on ulna to allow pronation and supination

32. Condylar joint
Allows one primary movement with small amounts of movement in another plane
Knee joint, Tempromandibular joint

33. Ellipsoid Joint Allows movement in two planes Biaxial
Interphalangeal joints

34. Saddle Joint Found in the thumb Allows two plane of movement
Carpometacarpal joint
Allows two plane of movement

35. The Ball and Socket Joint
Allows movement in three planes
Hip and shoulder