1. Table 12-1. Major Receptor Types of Vertebrates and their Functions Chemical receptors Olfactory cells (smell) Taste buds (taste) Mechanical, temperature and electrical receptors Cutaneous receptors Free nerve endings (pain, temperature and other modalities) Meissner’s corpuscles (touch and pressure) Merkel’s disks (touch and pressure) Pacinian corpuscles (touch and pressure) Ruffini endings (touch and pressure) Eimer’s organs (touch and pressure) Sinus hairs (= whiskers; touch and pressure) Proprioreceptors Tendon and joint receptors (tension) Muscle spindles (degree and rate of contraction) Lateral line, ear and electroreceptors Hair cells (vibrations and gravity) Ampullary organ cells (electric fields) Tuberous organ cells (electric fields) Photoreceptors and specialized thermoreceptors Rod and cone cells (visible electromagnetic radiation) Pit organ cells (infrared electromagnetic radiation)

2. Fig. 12.1

3. Fig. 12.2

4. Fig. 12.3

5. Fig. 12.4

6. Fig. 12.5

7. Table 12-1. Major Receptor Types of Vertebrates and their Functions Chemical receptors Olfactory cells (smell) Taste buds (taste) Mechanical, temperature and electrical receptors Cutaneous receptors Free nerve endings (pain, temperature and other modalities) Meissner’s corpuscles (touch and pressure) Merkel’s disks (touch and pressure) Pacinian corpuscles (touch and pressure) Ruffini endings (touch and pressure) Eimer’s organs (touch and pressure) Sinus hairs (= whiskers; touch and pressure) Proprioreceptors Tendon and joint receptors (tension) Muscle spindles (degree and rate of contraction) Lateral line, ear and electroreceptors Hair cells (vibrations and gravity) Ampullary organ cells (electric fields) Tuberous organ cells (electric fields) Photoreceptors and specialized thermoreceptors Rod and cone cells (visible electromagnetic radiation) Pit organ cells (infrared electromagnetic radiation)

8. Fig. 12.6

9. Fig. 12.7

10. Table 12-1. Major Receptor Types of Vertebrates and their Functions Chemical receptors Olfactory cells (smell) Taste buds (taste) Mechanical, temperature and electrical receptors Cutaneous receptors Free nerve endings (pain, temperature and other modalities) Meissner’s corpuscles (touch and pressure) Merkel’s disks (touch and pressure) Pacinian corpuscles (touch and pressure) Ruffini endings (touch and pressure) Eimer’s organs (touch and pressure) Sinus hairs (= whiskers; touch and pressure) Proprioreceptors Tendon and joint receptors (tension) Muscle spindles (degree and rate of contraction) Lateral line, ear and electroreceptors Hair cells (vibrations and gravity) Ampullary organ cells (electric fields) Tuberous organ cells (electric fields) Photoreceptors and specialized thermoreceptors Rod and cone cells (visible electromagnetic radiation) Pit organ cells (infrared electromagnetic radiation)

11. Fig. 12.8

12. Fig. 12.9

14. Fig. 12.10

15. Fig. 12.11

16. Fig. 12.12

17. Fig. 12.13

18. Fig. 12.14

19. Fig. 12.15

20. Fig. 12.16

21. Fig. 12.17

22. Fig. 12.18

23. Fig. 12.19

24. Fig. 12.20

25. Fig. 12.21

26. Fig. 12.22

27. Table 12-1. Major Receptor Types of Vertebrates and their Functions Chemical receptors Olfactory cells (smell) Taste buds (taste) Mechanical, temperature and electrical receptors Cutaneous receptors Free nerve endings (pain, temperature and other modalities) Meissner’s corpuscles (touch and pressure) Merkel’s disks (touch and pressure) Pacinian corpuscles (touch and pressure) Ruffini endings (touch and pressure) Eimer’s organs (touch and pressure) Sinus hairs (= whiskers; touch and pressure) Proprioreceptors Tendon and joint receptors (tension) Muscle spindles (degree and rate of contraction) Lateral line, ear and electroreceptors Hair cells (vibrations and gravity) Ampullary organ cells (electric fields) Tuberous organ cells (electric fields) Photoreceptors and specialized thermoreceptors Rod and cone cells (visible electromagnetic radiation) Pit organ cells (infrared electromagnetic radiation)

28. Fig. 12.23

29. Fig. 12.24

30. Fig. 12.25

31. Fig. 12.26

32. Fig. 12.27

33. Fig. 12.28

34. Fig. 12.29

35. Fig. 12.30

36. Fig. 12.31