1. Warm Up- 5 mins to study for Eye Quiz Warm Up- 5 mins to study for Eye Quiz

2. Word Bank Transduction Transduction Cornea Cornea Pupil Pupil Iris Iris Lens Lens Accommodation Accommodation Retina Retina Rods Rods Cones Cones Thalamus Thalamus Occipital (visual) cortex Occipital (visual) cortex Optic Nerve Optic Nerve Fovea Fovea

3. Chapter 5: Sensation pt. 2

4. Mariachi or Old Folks

5. 3 Faces In One

6. 9 People?

7. Old Man or Lovers Kissing

8. A Young Woman or…

9. A Grouchy Clown

10. A Clown…

11. Or a Circus

12. Color Constancy Human Beings maintain Color Constancy: perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if lighting changes to alter the wavelength given off by the object. Human Beings maintain Color Constancy: perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if lighting changes to alter the wavelength given off by the object.

13. Context Affects Color We only retain color constancy when the context remains the same. We only retain color constancy when the context remains the same. Same color will look different when compared in different contexts. Same color will look different when compared in different contexts.

14. Sense 2: Hearing (Audition) The loudness of a sound is determined by a waves amplitude (height.) The loudness of a sound is determined by a waves amplitude (height.) The frequency, number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time, determines the sounds pitch: the tones highness or lowness. The frequency, number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time, determines the sounds pitch: the tones highness or lowness.

15. Hearing Threshold Hearing is measured in decibels. Zero decibels is considered the threshold of hearing.

16. Parts of the Ear Outer Ear: Outer Ear: Job: Gather sound waves to eardrum. Job: Gather sound waves to eardrum. Parts: auditory canal and eardrum. Parts: auditory canal and eardrum. Middle Ear Middle Ear Job: To Amplify and concentrate the vibrations onto cochlea’s oval window. Job: To Amplify and concentrate the vibrations onto cochlea’s oval window. Parts: Ossicles, made up of three tiny bones: hammer, anvil, and stirrup (malleus, incus, and stapes) Parts: Ossicles, made up of three tiny bones: hammer, anvil, and stirrup (malleus, incus, and stapes) Inner Ear Inner Ear Job: To change sound waves into neural impulses Job: To change sound waves into neural impulses Parts: Oval Window, Cochlea, Basilar Membrane, Hair Cells. Parts: Oval Window, Cochlea, Basilar Membrane, Hair Cells.

17. Process of Hearing 1. Your outer ear channels sound waves to the eardrum or tympanum. 2. Your eardrum vibrates with sound waves 3. This causes 3 tiny bones called the ossicles (the hammer, anvil and the stirrup) of your middle ear to vibrate

18. Process of Hearing 4. The vibrating stirrup pushes against the oval window of the cochlea in the inner ear. The cochlea is fluid filled and waves are created. 5. Inside the cochlea is a basilar membrane with hair cells that are bent by the vibrations and are transduced into a neural impulse

20. Process of Hearing 6. Hair cells synapse with auditory neuron whose axons form the auditory nerve 7. The auditory nerve transmits sound messages though your medulla, pons and thalamus to the auditory cortex of the temporal lobe. What cell is triggers neural impulses in the eye? What cell is triggers neural impulses in the eye?

21. Inner Ear and Vestibular Sense The semicircular canals are connected to the cochlea by the vestibular sacs. The semicircular canals are connected to the cochlea by the vestibular sacs. The semicircular canals contain substance that move when our head rotates or tilts and allows us to maintain our vestibular sense: sense of our body movement and position The semicircular canals contain substance that move when our head rotates or tilts and allows us to maintain our vestibular sense: sense of our body movement and position

22. How Do We Perceive Pitch: 2 Theories Hemholtz’s Place Theory: argues we hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places in the cochlea’s membrane…easily explains high pitches since these pitches are highly localized. Hemholtz’s Place Theory: argues we hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places in the cochlea’s membrane…easily explains high pitches since these pitches are highly localized. Frequency Theory: We sense pitch by the basilar membrane in cochlea vibrating at the same rate as the sound. Explains low pitch well…. Frequency Theory: We sense pitch by the basilar membrane in cochlea vibrating at the same rate as the sound. Explains low pitch well…. Volley Principle- alternate firing to get over 1000 fires per sound Volley Principle- alternate firing to get over 1000 fires per sound

23. How Do We Locate Sounds Why is Having 2 Ears Important?

24. Parallel Processing Just like with vision, audition involves parallel processing Just like with vision, audition involves parallel processing Time difference Time difference Intensity Intensity memories memories

25. Hearing Loss Conductive Hearing Loss: hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea like eardrum and ossicles. Conductive Hearing Loss: hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea like eardrum and ossicles. Solution to Conductive Hearing Loss? Solution to Conductive Hearing Loss? Hearing aid Hearing aid

26. Hearing Loss Sensorineural Hearing Loss: damage caused to cochlea’s receptor cells (hair cells) or auditory nerves. Sensorineural Hearing Loss: damage caused to cochlea’s receptor cells (hair cells) or auditory nerves. Solution? Solution? Cochlear Implant Cochlear Implant

27. Older People Suffer Most Hearing Loss With High Frequency Sounds

28. On a separate pieces of paper put these words in the correct order of how we hear and in your own words tell me how we hear DO NOT JUST COPY YOUR NOTES Cochlea Cochlea Stirup Stirup Hammer Hammer Sound waves Sound waves Neural impulse Neural impulse Transduction Transduction Oval window Oval window Anvil Anvil Ossicles Ossicles Outer ear Outer ear Eardrum/tympanu m Eardrum/tympanu m Basilar membrane Basilar membrane Hair cells Hair cells

29. Warm up – page 34 1. What is the difference between Sensor neural and conductive hearing loss? 1. What is the difference between Sensor neural and conductive hearing loss? 2. Why do we have 2 ears? 2. Why do we have 2 ears? 3. What is the purpose of function of the hammer, anvil and stirrup? 3. What is the purpose of function of the hammer, anvil and stirrup? 4.How do we transform sound waves into perceived sound? 4.How do we transform sound waves into perceived sound? What is the Place Theory? What is the Place Theory? What is the Frequency Theory? What is the Frequency Theory?

30. Touch Premature Babies Premature Babies Monkeys Monkeys Skin sensations are a variation of the basic 4 Skin sensations are a variation of the basic 4 Pressure Pressure Warmth Warmth Cold Cold Pain Pain

31. Sense #3: Touch Pain Is a Good Thing! Pain Is a Good Thing! Gate Control Theory: Gate Control Theory: theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain “gate” opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers “gate” opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers “gate” closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain “gate” closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain

32. Social Influence On Pain -Pain is both a physiological and a psychological phenomenon. -Depending on symptoms, doctors may use drugs, surgery, etc. or relaxation training, thought distraction. Example: Lamaze Method

33. Memories of Pain More to our memories of pain than the pain we experienced. More to our memories of pain than the pain we experienced. People tend to overlook duration of pain and instead concentrate on its peak moments and how much pain they felt at the end. People tend to overlook duration of pain and instead concentrate on its peak moments and how much pain they felt at the end. What do doctors do because of this? What do doctors do because of this? Taper down procedures Taper down procedures

34. Senses 4 & 5: Taste and Smell Why are Taste and Smell studied together? Why are Taste and Smell studied together?

35. Taste 4 Basic Sensations 4 Basic Sensations Sweet Sweet Sour Sour Salty Salty Bitter Bitter 200 taste buds 200 taste buds Reproduce every 1 or 2 weeks Reproduce every 1 or 2 weeks Older= decrease in taste buds Older= decrease in taste buds Smoking and Alcohol= decrease in taste buds Smoking and Alcohol= decrease in taste buds

36. Taste and Smell Taste and Smell are both chemical senses. Taste and Smell are both chemical senses. Tongue is central muscle for taste which contain taste buds. Tongue is central muscle for taste which contain taste buds. Smell runs through receptor cells in nasal cavity which are send neural signals to the olfactory bulbs in the brain. Smell runs through receptor cells in nasal cavity which are send neural signals to the olfactory bulbs in the brain.

37. Smell 5 million receptor cells at the top of your nasal cavity 5 million receptor cells at the top of your nasal cavity Detect 10,000 odors Detect 10,000 odors Decreases with age Decreases with age Have your own chemical signature Have your own chemical signature

38. Smell Nasal Cavity brings the smell up to your receptors Nasal Cavity brings the smell up to your receptors Receptor cells send the message to the brain’s olfactory bulb Receptor cells send the message to the brain’s olfactory bulb Then to the temporal lobe’s primary smell cortex Then to the temporal lobe’s primary smell cortex Parallel Processing Parallel Processing

39. Receptor cells in olfactory membrane Nasal passage Olfactory bulb Olfactory nerve

40. Smell and Emotion Sense of smell activates areas in limbic system involved in emotion and memory. Sense of smell activates areas in limbic system involved in emotion and memory. Smells can often evoke memories of the past or emotional experiences more often than most other senses. Smells can often evoke memories of the past or emotional experiences more often than most other senses.

41. Sensory Restriction People born without access to a sense, compensate with development of stronger other senses. People born without access to a sense, compensate with development of stronger other senses. Sensory Restriction has produced mixed results depending on context: Sensory Restriction has produced mixed results depending on context: Early Experiments: disorientation, hallucinations, etc.