The Other Senses Module 12

The Other Senses Module 12
Online link Module

Sensation Overview The Other Senses Hearing Touch Pain Taste Smell
Body Position and Movement Module

Hearing / Audition The Stimulus Input: Sound Waves
Preview Question 8: What are the characteristics of the air pressure waves that we hear as meaningful sounds? No atmosphere no sound… Sound waves are compressing and expanding air molecules in the atmosphere. Module

Sound Wave Module

Frequency (pitch): Determined by the wavelength of sound.
Wavelength: The distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next. Module

Frequency of Sound Waves
The frequency of a sound wave is measured as the number of cycles per second (Hertz) 20,000 Hz Highest Frequency we can hear 4,186 Hz Highest note on a piano 1,000 Hz Highest pitch of human voice 100 Hz Lowest pitch of human voice 27 Hz Lowest note on a piano Module

Intensity (Loudness) Intensity (Loudness): Amount of energy in a wave, determined by the amplitude, relates to the perceived loudness. Module

Loudness of Sound Every 10 Db is a tenfold increase in sound intensity. A few examples of loudness of sounds Do not copy Richard Kaylin/ Stone/ Getty Images 120dB 70dB Module

Maximum level of industrial
noise considered safe Characteristics of Sound Waves 20 40 60 80 100 160 120 180 140 Loud thunder or rock concert Pain Threshold City bus Normal conversation Subway db Noisy automobile Absolute threshold of human hearing Quiet office Whisper Rocket launch Do not copy Module

The Ear Preview Question 9: How does the ear transform sound energy into neural messages? Sketch ear assignment Receptors that are especially important for helping a person maintain balance are located in the (AP94) (A) gyrus cinguli (B) Inner ear (C) Tendons (D) ossicles (E) Ligaments Auditory Illusions Shepherds ascending scale Dr. Fred Hossler/ Visuals Unlimited Link Shepherds ascending scale Module

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Hairs in the inner ear Ringing in the ears, or tinnitus, affects more than 36 million Americans. Although the most common cause is exposure to loud noises, the disorder may also be produced by certain drugs, ear infections, or food allergies. Jack Vernon, director of the Kresge Hearing Research Laboratory at the University of Oregon, suggests that tinnitus is the third worst thing that can happen to us, ranking only below intractable severe pain and intractable severe dizziness. In its severe forms, tinnitus is totally incapacitating, making it impossible for people to concentrate enough to complete a task. Some people gain relief by using a tinnitus masker; worn like a hearing aid, it produces a sound like a waterfall or the hiss of an FM radio tuned between stations. Module

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The Ear Outer Ear/Pinna: Collects and sends sounds to the eardrum.
Middle Ear: Chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window. Inner Ear: Innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. The general function of the bones in the middle ear is to (AP99) (A) Convert the incoming sound from pounds per square inch to decibels (B) Protect the cochlea (C) Regulate changes in the air pressure of the inner ear (D) Transfer sound information from the tympanic membrane to the oval window (E) Provide information to the vestibular system The human vestibular sense is most closely associated with the (AP04) (A) Skin (B) Semicircular canals (C) Taste buds (D) Olfactory bulb (E) Rods and cones Module

Cochlea Cochlea: Coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear that transforms sound vibrations to auditory signals. 16,000 hair cells Deflect the hair cell by the width of an atom and the cell generates a neural response At highest perceived frequency the cell can respond 1000 times a second. Can wither and fuse with overly loud sounds. Damage can cause deafness or tinnitus…want to know what tinnitus sounds like…. 12 8. The coiled tube in the inner ear that contains the auditory receptors is called the (AP99) (A) Semicircular canal (B) ossicle (C) pinna (D) Cochlea (E) Oval window Which of the following is the correct sequence of anatomical structures through which an auditory stimulus passes before it is perceived as sound? (AP04) (A) Cochlea, ossicles, eardrum, oval window, auditory canal (B) Eardrum, cochlea, auditory canal, ossicles, oval window (C) Oval window, auditory canal, eardrum, cochlea, ossicles (D Ossicles, eardrum, cochlea, auditory canal, oval window (E) Auditory canal, eardrum, ossicles, oval window, cochlea Module

Transduction of Sounds
The structures of the ear transform changes in air pressure (sound waves) into vibrations of the Basilar Membrane As the Basilar Membrane vibrates it causes the hairs in the Hair Cells to bend The bending of the hairs leads to a change in the electrical potential within the cell OBJECTIVE 13| Contrast place and frequency theories, and explain how they help us to understand pitch perception. Place Theory suggests that sound frequencies stimulate the basilar membrane at specific places resulting in perceived pitch. Frequency Theory states that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch. Module

Localization of Sounds
Because we have two ears, sounds that reach one ear faster than the other ear cause us to localize the sound. 1. Intensity differences 2. Time differences 2 ears better than 1 Sound 750 mph, ears can detect difference JND second Time differences as small as 1/100,000 of a second can cause us to localize sound. The head acts as a “shadow” or partial sound barrier. When participants in dichotic listening experiments are repeating aloud a message presented in one ear, they are most likely to notice information on the unattended channel if that channel (AP99) (A) Switches from one language to another (B) Switches to a nonlanguage (C) Mentions the participant's name (D) Presents information similar to that on the attended channel (E) Presents information in a foreign language Module

Audition Conduction Hearing Loss Nerve Hearing Loss
hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea Nerve Hearing Loss hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerve Lecture/Discussion Topic: Recognizing Our Own Voice Why does our own voice sound unfamiliar when we hear it on tape? When we listen to ourselves speak, we hear both the sound conducted by air waves to the outer ear and that carried directly to the auditory nerve by bone conduction. The latter is easily demonstrated by clicking the teeth or munching popcorn, or by striking the prongs of a fork on a table and quickly applying its handle to the bone behind the ear. An even more resounding effect will be produced if the handle is clenched between the teeth. The strictly air-conducted sound that others normally hear (like a sound we hear when our voice is on tape) is thinner. Students can hear the sound waves conducted by bone if they plug their ears and talk in a normal voice. Students can also demonstrate bone-conducted sound with a metal coat hanger tied to the center of a thin string about four feet long. They should first press one end of the string into each ear with the tips of the index fingers while plugging their ears. Then they should ask someone to tap the coat hanger with a knife or fork. John Fisher reports that the effect will sound like “Big Ben.” People who are deaf due to a defect in either the inner or middle ear may still be able to hear by bone conduction. When Beethoven became deaf, he could still hear a piano being played by placing one end of his walking stick against it and gripping the other end between his teeth. To determine the nature and degree of their hearing loss, deaf violinists reportedly applied their teeth to some part of their vibrating instruments. If they could not hear sound, they concluded that the auditory nerves were the problem and the deafness was past cure. Fisher, J. (1979). Body magic. New York: Stein and Day. Module

Audition Older people tend to hear low frequencies well but suffer hearing loss for high frequencies 1 time 10 times 100 1000 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192 16384 Frequency of tone in waves per second Low Pitch High Amplitude required for perception relative to 20-29 year-old group Tinnitis from Bolt Ringing in the ears, or tinnitus, affects more than 36 million Americans. Although the most common cause is exposure to loud noises, the disorder may also be produced by certain drugs, ear infections, or food allergies. Jack Vernon, director of the Kresge Hearing Research Laboratory at the University of Oregon, suggests that tinnitus is the third worst thing that can happen to us, ranking only below intractable severe pain and intractable severe dizziness. In its severe forms, tinnitus is totally incapacitating, making it impossible for people to concentrate enough to complete a task. Some people gain relief by using a tinnitus masker; worn like a hearing aid, it produces a sound like a waterfall or the hiss of an FM radio tuned between stations. Module

Phonemic Restoration Our Brains fill in for us
Subjects asked to listen to a recording with a transcript and indicate where the recording was obscured by a cough. All subjects reported hearing the cough 19/20 said there was not missing text (the one person got the wrong phoneme) Le(COUGH)latures …subjects that they would hear a recording containing a cough and would be given printed text so they could circle the exact position in the text at which the cough occurred. The subjects were also asked if the cough had masked any of the circled sounds. All of the volunteers reported hearing the cough, but nineteen of the twenty said that there was no missing text. The only subject who reported that the cough had obscured any phonemes named the wrong one. What's more, in follow-up work the researchers found that even practiced listeners couldn't identify the missing sound. Not only could they not pinpoint the exact location of the cough they couldn't even come close. The cough didn't seem to occur at any clear point within the sentence; rather, it seemed to coexist with the speech sounds without affecting their intelligibility. Even when the entire syllable "gis" in "legislatures" was obliterated by the cough, subjects could not identify the missing sound. The effect is called phonemic restoration, and it's conceptually analogous to the filling in that your brain does when it papers over your retinal blind spot… Phonemic restoration has a striking property: because it is based on the context in which you hear words, what you think you heard at the beginning of a sentence can be affected by the words that come at the end. For example, letting an asterisk denote the cough, listeners in another famous study reported hearing the word "wheel" in the sentence "It was found that the *eel was on the axle." But they heard "heel" when they listened to the sentence "It was found that the *eel was on the shoe." Similarly, when the final word in the sentence was "orange" they heard "peel," and when it was "table" they heard "meal." In each case the data provided to each subject's brain included the same sound, "*eel." Each brain patiently held the information, awaiting more clues as to the context. Then, after hearing the word "axle," "shoe," "orange," or "table," the brain filled in the appropriate consonant. Only at that time did it pass to the subjects conscious mind, leaving the subject unaware of the alteration and quite confident of having accurately heard the word that the cough had partially obscured. From Subliminal: How your unconscious mind rules your behavior. Auditory Illusions Link Auditory Illusions Module

Cocktail party effect link
Attention and cocktail party effect 1:16 Module

Chemical and Body Senses Overview
Touch and temperature Pain Gustation (taste) Olfaction (smell) Kinesthetic (location of body) Vestibular (balance) Module

Touch The sense of touch is a mix of four distinct skin senses—pressure, warmth, cold, and pain. Preview Question 10: How do we sense touch and feel pain? Only pressure has identifiable receptors. All other skin sensations are variations of pressure, warmth, cold and pain. “Touch is both the alpha and omega of affection” (James, 1890). Braille, the system of raised dots that allows blind people to read with their fingers, provides another example of the remarkable capabilities of touch. The Braille alphabet consists of raised dots in a 2 x 3 matrix. There are characters for each letter of the alphabet and for numbers, punctuation marks, and common speech sounds and words. Until Louis Braille introduced his system to students at the Paris School for the Young Blind in 1824, the only reading materials available to blind people were a few books that embossed the shapes of conventional letters onto the page. They were rarely read because each letter had to be laboriously scanned to determine its complete shape. Although the dots eliminated this problem, many sighted educators thought it absurd to teach the blind such a different and difficult system. Nonetheless, blind students loved it and, in 1854, the system was officially recognized in France. Those who have learned the system can read at a rate of about 100 words per minute. This speed is particularly impressive given that the touch of raised dots must be transformed into vast amounts of information that go well beyond simply sensations on the skin. Bruce Ayers/ Stone/ Getty Images Module

Rubber hand illusion Link 3.13
When the researcher simultaneously touches a volunteer’s real and fake hands, the volunteer feels as though the seen fake hand is her own Example of top down processing Classroom Exercise: Touch Localization Another interesting aspect of touch localization is that neural impulses from different parts of the skin surface take different amounts of time to reach the brain. This can easily be demonstrated. Stanley Coren suggests having students just touch their two index fingers together. Tell them to concentrate on experiencing where the sensations of touch are felt, that is, on which of the two fingers. Most will report sensations of equal intensity in both fingertips. Next ask students to touch their lower lip with light, quick touches. Most people will now report that they feel the sensation mostly on the lip and little, if any, on the fingertip, although both are being stimulated. Finally, have them apply the same light, quick touches to the little toe or ankle. Now the sensation seems to be located primarily in the finger. Touch localization depends on the relative lengths of the pathways from the stimulated parts to the brain. Coren, S., Ward, L., & Enns, J. T. (1994). Sensation and perception (4th ed, p. 310). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Rubber hand illusion link 3.13 Rubber hand illusion Link 3.13 Module 25

Pain Pain tells the body that something has gone wrong. Usually pain results from damage to the skin and other tissues. A rare disease exists in which the afflicted person feels no pain. Vid of little girl that does not feel pain Hyperalgesia – hypersensitivity to pain Living without pain 10:00 AP Photo/ Stephen Morton Ashley Blocker (right) feels neither pain nor extreme hot or cold. Link 4:23 Link 1:39 Module

Pain Nerve endings in body act as nocioceptors
Pain gates regulate pain signals in 3 areas Brain stem – gate-control theory of pain Spinal cord Peripheral regulation of pain Phantom limbs Up to 70% of amputees experience this Nerve endings in body act as nocioceptors Neural messages transmitted along two distinct pathways Rapid – detects first pain sensation Slow – detects second long-lasting pain Endorphins and endogenous morphine 10% can be hypnotized as to undergo major surgery w/o anesthesia ap 213 50% can get pain relief from hypnosis ap 213 From Phantoms in the Brain Ramachandran Subject grabs thing with missing limb, pulls coffee cup away, subject says “ouch, I can feel it being wrenched from my fingers.” Pg 1, 42, 43 Pain in phantom limbs sometimes so intense patients commit suicide 22 Noticed as far back as 16th century 22, first called phantom limbs by Silas Weir Mithel after the Civil war 23 Phantom breasts 24, touching the sternum and clavicle produced sensation in phantom nipple 37, earlobes produced erotic sensations in nipples. Subject missing an arm, strokes his cheek and he feels it in his phantom hand 29 also on upper arm, arm itches, scratches his face 38 Woman who felt sensations in her phantom foot while having sex 35 Man who felt orgasms in his foot, 36 bigger orgasms, speculations about foot fetishes Phantom penis and erections 37 Subject born with no arms has phantom limbs shorter than normal arms 40, 41, feels like she moves them to talk. 1/3rd of patients not able to move phantom limbs if they are paralyzed before amputation they are paralyzed after 44 Amputated phantom limbs 49 used mirror box, fingers stuck to shoulder, elbow pain went away. Guy changes location of stump and feels drop of water run uphill. Vilayanur S. Ramachandran The Tell Tale Brain pg. 25 Ramachandran link for phantom limbs 9:24-17:43 Module

Human Diversity: Culture and Pain
Bariba society – cultural emphasis on pain Tolerate pain easily Calm response to pain is part of Bariba pride Pregnant women don’t show labor pain reaction, experience labor pain and birth alone Examples of top down influences on pain Approximately 1 in 6 Americans suffers from chronic or recurrent pain. Telephone interviews with a random sample reported by the American Chronic Pain Association revealed the following statistics: 72% have had chronic pain for more than three years. 76% experience pain daily, including 48% who say it is ever present. 34% have experienced chronic pain for more than 10 years. 30% waited more than three months to see a doctor. 47% say their pain is not under control. 53% are taking a prescription medication, and 29% are taking only an over-the-counter medication. 89% with chronic pain use alternative treatments. Medical professionals can overestimate or underestimate effects of pain if impact of culture is not considered. Module

Gate-Control Theory Melzack and Wall (1965, 1983) proposed that our spinal cord contains neurological “gates” that either block pain or allow it to be sensed. One way to treat chronic pain is to stimulate gate closing activity through massage by electrical stimulation or acupuncture. Rubbing causes competitive stimulation to pain thus reduces its effect. Rubbing area can actually block pain messages Melzack/Wall Gate Control Theory of Pain - We hit the WALL of pain when the GATE is closed. AM The Mind 20. Phantom Limb Pain Presents a vivid example of phantom limb pain and raises important questions about the origin of the pain. AM The Mind 21. Treating Chronic Pain Studies chronic pain and examines physical and psychological approaches to treatment. Gary Comer/ PhototakeUSA.com Module

Gate control animation
The interplay among these connections determines when painful stimuli go to the brain: 1. When no input comes in, the inhibitory neuron prevents the projection neuron from sending signals to the brain (gate is closed). 2. Normal somatosensory input happens when there is more large-fiber stimulation (or only large-fiber stimulation). Both the inhibitory neuron and the projection neuron are stimulated, but the inhibitory neuron prevents the projection neuron from sending signals to the brain (gate is closed). 3. Nociception (pain reception) happens when there is more small-fiber stimulation or only small-fiber stimulation. This inactivates the inhibitory neuron, and the projection neuron sends signals to the brain informing it of pain (gate is open). Descending pathways from the brain close the gate by inhibiting the projector neurons and diminishing pain perception. This theory doesn't tell us everything about pain perception, but it does explain some things. If you rub or shake your hand after you bang your finger, you stimulate normal somatosensory input to the projector neurons. This opens the gate and reduces the perception of pain. Melzack/Wall Gate Control Theory of Pain - We hit the WALL of pain when the GATE is closed. Small fibers open the gate, conduct most pain signals, also brain to spinal cord messages can close gates Animation at Gate control animation Module

Pain Control Pain can be controlled by a number of therapies including, drugs, surgery, acupuncture, exercise, hypnosis, and even thought distraction. Burn victims can be distracted by allowing them to engage in illusory virtual reality. Their brain scans show differences in pain perceptions. Placebos sometimes used. Vid of placebo and pain Use of virtual reality w/brain patients Todd Richards and Aric Vills, U.W. ©Hunter Hoffman, Module

Endorphins in action Module

Taste Traditionally, taste sensations consisted of sweet, salty, sour, and bitter tastes. Recently, receptors for a fifth taste have been discovered called “Umami”. Preview Question 11: How do we experience taste? Fussy eating an adaptation? -Possibly evolutionary/adaptive….picky eaters Umami – MSG Gustatory receptors are sensitive to all of the following taste qualities EXCEPT (AP99) (A) bitter (B) Sweet (C) Salty (D) Spicy (E) Sour Bitter taste at NOVA Sweet Sour Salty Bitter Umami (Fresh Chicken) Taste link at Nova Blocking bitter taste at Nova Module

Surface of tongue Receptor cells Pore Bitter Sour Salty Sweet and fatty Sensory nerve fiber Taste Senses of gustation (taste) and olfaction (smell) differ from all other senses, they are chemical senses Taste cells and papillae on tongue Taste buds detect Taste cells replace themselves every week or two Stain tongue project Map of tongue probably innacurate. Malcom Gladwell, What the Dog Saw Module

Gladwell on taste and the platonic ideal of food
Not about taste per-se but about the idea of taste and universals and variability. Tipping Point author Malcolm Gladwell gets inside the food industry's pursuit of the perfect spaghetti sauce -- and makes a larger argument about the nature of choice and happiness. Taste on TED Module 35

There are several types of papillae
Module

Taste Your sensitivity to taste will decline if you: Smoke heavily
Consume large amounts of alcohol Grow older Picky eating may be adaptive at PBS As we get older the number of our taste buds decreases Module

Taste and Cognition What you THINK about a food can change how you perceive it! $90 Btl. Wine rated as better than $10 wine…. The twist….they were both the same wine Our taste experience is subjective. Studies have indeed shown that when wines are tasted blind there is little correlation between a wine’s taste and its cost, but that there is strong correlation when the wines are not sampled blind. Since people generally expect higher-priced wine to taste better, Rangel was not surprised when volunteers he recruited to sip a series of wines labeled only by price rated a $90 bottle as better than another wine in the series that was marked as costing just $10.24 But Rangel had cheated: those two wines, perceived as disparate, were actually identical they were both from the $90 bottle. More important, the study had another twist: the wine tasting was conducted while the subjects were having their brains scanned in an fMRI machine. The resulting images showed that the price of the wine increased activity in an area of the brain behind the eyes called the orbito-frontal cortex, a region that has been associated with the experience of pleasure. So though the two wines were not different, their taste difference was real, or at least the subjects' relative enjoyment of the taste was. From Subliminal: How your unconscious mind rules your behavior. Link taste of beer and price professor funk 5:26 “Studies have indeed shown that when wines are tasted blind there is little correlation between a wines taste and its cost, but that there is strong correlation when the wines are not sampled blind.” Link Beer tasting 5:26 Module

Taste Culture and taste preferences:
Anthony Bourdain, or Bizarre foods Researchers at Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia reported that a baby’s first foods may determine tastes later in life. They fed 53 two-week-old babies one of two infant formulas: a sweet, milky formula or a sour-tasting one with an unpleasant aftertaste. After being fed one or the other for seven months, the babies were offered both formulas. Those who had been given the sour-tasting formula were quite happy to keep drinking it. Those who were accustomed to the sweet formula turned up their noses at the alternative. For kids to develop preferences for healthy foods, they may need to be introduced to those foods early in life. Module

Bouba - Kiki Bouba Kiki goes back to Wolfgang Kohler in 1929
Works on non English speakers too. Vilayanur S. Ramachandran The Tell Tale Brain pg. 108 Brent Berlin, Huambisa tribe of n. Peru, has 30 different names for bird species and 30 different names for fish species. Jumble the names and give to someone from a completely different sociological background and people succeed well above chance level. Vilayanur S. Ramachandran The Tell Tale Brain pg 17 Synesthesia link professor funk 4:37 Module

When one sense affects another sense, sensory interaction takes place.
So, the taste of strawberry interacts with its smell and its texture on the tongue to produce flavor. Taste and smell interact to form flavor Vision and hearing can interact…McGurk Effect: Hear sound, see speaker say syllable, perceive a 3rd syllable, See mouth movements for GA hear BA perceive DA. Do taste smell demo Bouba Kiki goes back to Wolfgang Kohler in 1929 Works on non English speakers too. Vilayanur S. Ramachandran The Tell Tale Brain pg. 108 Synesthesia link professor funk 4:37 Ramachandran on synesthesia 17:43 – 23:38 McGurk effect on Youtube Synesthesia professor funk 4:37 Module

So how might you test this…
Do you see the triangle? Module

People with number color synesthesia can much quicker than you….
If a figure gives you popout and grouping the brain must be extracting it early in sensory processing. If popout and grouping are muted or absent, higher order or conceptual processing must be involved. Ramachandran, The Tell Tale Brain 90 Module

Smell/Olfaction Like taste, smell is a chemical sense. Odorants enter the nasal cavity to stimulate 5 million receptors to sense smell. Unlike taste, there are many different forms of smell. Preview Question 12: How does our sense of smell work? (Miller) 350 receptor proteins, we do not have a receptor for every odor (Malnic) We can detect 10,000 odors Mothers recognize each other’s scent (McCarthy 1986) Module

Chemical Senses: The Flavors and Aromas of Life
Olfaction Olfactory epithelium – top of nasal cavity Pheromone detection of sweat and urine Vomeronasal organ Influence human female reproductive cycles Inhalation of male sex hormone and mood changes Males may respond to sex hormones Menstrual cycles synchronized of females who smelled other women’s sweat The smell of trust….Oxytocin “Investor” given 12 coins, and they can give any number to a “trustee” the coins will quadruple in value and the trustee can return as many or as few as they want. Without oxytocin 1/5th gave the trustee all their coins, in the oxytocin condition about ½ gave the trustee all their coins…..oxytocin had no effect on the number of coins returned by the trustee. (Kosfeld 2005 cited in Brain Candy) 12 1. The longer an individual is exposed to a strong odor, the less aware of the odor the individual becomes. This phenomenon is know as sensory (AP04) (A) Acuity (B) Adaption (C) Awareness (D) Reception (E) Overload Module

Olfactory nerve to brain
Olfactory epithelium Nasal cavity Lecture/Discussion Topic: Gender-Related Odors Can we tell if a person is male or female on the basis of odor alone? Patricia Wallace sought to answer this question by having blindfolded subjects sniff a hand held one-half inch from their nose. The men and women who served as test stimuli washed their hands thoroughly before the experiment and then wore a plastic glove for 15 minutes prior to testing to promote perspiration. Wallace reported that her subjects could discriminate male from female hands with over 80 percent accuracy. Female sniffers were more accurate than male sniffers. People are also able to make accurate judgments of gender on the basis of breath odor. Richard Doty and his colleagues had college students assess breath odor of subjects who sat on the other side of a partition and exhaled through a plastic tube. Donors had been instructed not to eat spicy foods or to wear odorous cosmetic products. Most judges scored better than chance, and again females outperformed males. British psychologist Mark Russel had college freshmen wear T-shirts for 24 hours after which the shirts were individually placed in sealed containers. Each subject was then presented with three containers—one holding his or her own shirt, a second holding the shirt of an unknown female, and a third holding the shirt of an unknown male. The vast majority were able to identify not only their own shirt but also which belonged to a male and which to a female. Module

Age, Sex and Sense of Smell
Women Men Age Group 4 3 2 Number of correct answers Women and young adults have best sense of smell Module

That is why strong memories are associated with odor.
Smell and Memories The brain region for smell (in red) is closely connected with the brain regions involved with memory (limbic system). That is why strong memories are associated with odor. On a much larger scale, Shimizu Corporation has also patented an “odordelivery” for commercial buildings. For example, it pumps a citrus odor through an office building’s ventilation ducts every two minutes. “The fragrance sense can be fundamental to controlling conditions for office workers,” says Junichi Yagi, a representative for Shimizu. He cites a month-long study of Japanese keypunchers in which those who inhaled a lemon aroma make 54 percent fewer errors than those who sniffed plain air. While the citrus odor seemed to make people more alert, other smells, such as spiced apple, seemed to aid relaxation. From Bolt Module

Body Position and Movement
The sense of our body parts’ position and movement is called kinesthesis. The vestibular sense monitors the head (and body’s) position. Preview Question 13: How do our senses monitor our body’s position and movement? Semi-Circular canals in ear Waterman, disease destroyed kinesthetic sense, feels disembodied Can walk as long as he pays attention but turn out the lights and he falls. Finally, Waterman’s case has taught researchers something important about gestures—the hand movements that accompany speech. His gestures have always appeared completely normal and thus appear controlled by a different mechanism than more intentional movements. In a series of experiments, researchers had him narrate a story using gestures, once while looking at his hands and again without being able to see them. The gestures were smaller when he could not see them but were almost as frequent and as well synchronized with his words as when he was watching. (Bolt) Whirling Dervishes Wire Walk Module

EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (7th Edition in Modules) David Myers
PowerPoint Slides Aneeq Ahmad Henderson State University, Lahey, Amy Jones, Bernstein, McGraw Hill w/ Garber edits Worth Publishers, © 2008 Module

The Other Senses Module 12

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