1. Animal senses Detecting environmental stimuli

2. Enormous diversity in structures and in the role of vision in animals’ perception, behavior, and interactions with the environment. Human eyes: rods (black and white) and cones (colour) in the retina. Lens focuses light rays on retina. Insects and crustacea have many ommatidia (mosaic vision) Two eyes forwards  binocular vision Eyes on sides of head  wide field of vision Photoreception

3. Thermoreceptors Infrared (IR) imaging plays a varying role in the biology of these animals including prey acquisition, predator avoidance, thermoregulation, and the selection of egg deposition sites Snakes have heat-sensing pits in front of their eyes and can strike their prey in pitch dark Mosquitoes home in on warm-blooded prey using thermoreceptors.

4. Auditory perception Sound waves: sonic range = 20hz-20khz Human ears – sonic sound detected in middle ear Bats, dogs and insects hear in ultrasonic range Whales communicate using ultrasonic and infrasonic as well as echo-location

5. Chemoreception Smell and taste (separate or same organ) Used for many things – Hunting – Detecting predators – Check food items – Group recognition – Defence / attack – Communication – Mark territories / trails

6. Other perceptions Electric fields – Sixth sense? – Electric eel can deliver electric shock – Some fish can create an electric field so they can detect disturbances Magnetic fields – Homing pigeons – Some bacteria