2. LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS NEW ZEALAND PART 3A: EARTHQUAKES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

3. Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters Planet Earth’s Restlessness Causes Movement of Tectonic Plates:  Earthquakes

4. NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN NEW ZEALAND FLOODS WINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKES VOLCANOES ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES

5. TECTONIC PLATES

6. New Zealand is in the southwest Pacific Ocean astride the “ring of fire,” a distinct belt of volcanic and earthquake activity that surrounds the Pacific Ocean

7. SUBDUCTION OCCURS BENEATH THE NORTH ISLAND

8. To the north of New Zealand and beneath the eastern North Island, the thin, dense, Pacific plate moves down beneath the thicker, lighter Indo-Australian plate in a process known as subduction (i.e., reverse faulting).

9. Within the South Island the plate margin is marked by the Alpine Fault and the plates rub past each other horizontally (i.e., strike-slip)

10. NEW ZEALAND’S SUBDUCTION ZONE AND ALPINE FAULT

11. About 20,000 earthquakes (most, but not all are small) are recorded in New Zealand every year as a result of its location in the Pacific Ring of Fire

12. SEISMICITY MAP: VICINITY OF CHRISTCHURCH

13. ELEMENTS OF RISK AND DISASTER

14. HAZARDSHAZARDS ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK EXPOSUREEXPOSURE VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATION RISKRISK

15. A DISASTER CAN HAPPEN WHEN THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE INTERACT WITH THE VULNERABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENTS OF NEW ZEALAND’S COMMUNITIES

16. EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS: ARE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS

17. TECTONIC DEFORMATION EARTHQUAKE TSUNAMI GROUND SHAKING FAULT RUPTURE FOUNDATION FAILURE SITE AMPLIFICATION LIQUEFACTION LANDSLIDESAFTERSHOCKSSEICHE DAMAGE/LOSS DAMAGE/ LOSS DAMAGE/LOSS

18. GROUND SHAKING

19. PROBABILISTIC GROUND SHAKING MAP (CHRISTCHURCH IN YELLOW)

20. NEW ZEALAND’S CITIES

21. The largest cities within this high risk zone are the nation's capital, Wellington, followed by Hastings then Napier; all of them have experienced damaging earthquakes.

22. NOTE: The central part of most cities is comprised mainly of old, vulnerable brick and unreinforced masonry buildings, which are highly susceptible to damage.

23. UNREINFORCED MASONRY, BRICK OR STONE REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH UNREINFORCED WALLS INTENSITY REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS STEEL FRAME ALL METAL & WOOD FRAME VVIVIIVIIIIX 3530 25 20 15 10 5 0 MEAN DAMAGE RATIO, % OF REPLACEMENT VALUE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND SHAKING

24. INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING EARTHQUAKES SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS INATTENTION TO NON- STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF DAMAGE “DISASTER LABORATORIES”

25. A DISASTER is --- --- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., earthquakes, landslides,..) intersect at a point in space and time.

26. Disasters are caused by s ingle- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness, joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.

27. THE REASONS ARE... When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure will be LOST because they are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards.

28. THE REASONS ARE... The community is UN- PREPARED for what will likely happen, not to mention the low-probability of occurrence— high-probability of adverse consequences event.

29. THE REASONS ARE... The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for concerted local, national, regional, and international countermeasures.

30. THE REASONS ARE... The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a timely manner to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.

31. THE REASONS ARE... The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.

32. THE ALTERNATIVE TO DISASTER: EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

33. NEW ZEALAND’S COMMUNITIES DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS QUAKE HAZARDS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION EARTHQUAKE RISK RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK QUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION FORECASTS/SCENARIOS EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION POLICY OPTIONS

34. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL EARTHQUAKES PREPAREDNESS FOR THE LIKELY GROUND SHAKING AND GROUND FAILURE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

35. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL EARTHQUAKES BUILDING CODES AND LIFELINE STANDARDS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

36. LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL EARTHQUAKES TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

37. NEW ZEALAND’S NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES M7.1 : SATURDAY, SEPT. 3, 2010

38. TWO EARTHQUAKES SEVERELY CUT NEW ZEALAND’S 2011 ECONOMIC GROWTH A DEEP (33 KM) M7.1 AND A SHALLOW (4 KM) M6.3 QUAKE SIX MONTHS APART COMBINE TO HALF NEW ZEALAND’S ECONOMIC GROWTH

39. M7.1 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES NEAR CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND A DEEP (33 KM) QUAKE LOCATED 50 KM FROM CHRISTCHURCH STRUCK AT 4:35 AM SEPTEMBER 3, 2010

40. EPICENTER: NEAR CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND

41. In Christchurch, a city of 372,000, power and water services were knocked out, facades fell off buildings, homes businesses, and bridges were damaged by strong shaking, fires were ignited, and the Christchurch Airport was closed.

42. IMPACTS Numerous injuries, but no deaths, largely due to the 4:35 a.m. time of occurrence, NOT BECAUSE the buildings were resilient to the strong ground shaking

43. DAMAGE: BFORE (TOP) AND AFTER (BOTTOM)

44. TYPICAL DAMAGE: UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDINGS

45. DAMAGE: CHRISTCHURCH

46. DAMAGE TO CARS

47. DAMAGE: CHRISTCHURCH

48. POUNDING

49. FIRE

50. DAMAGE: CHRISTCHURCH

52. DAMAGE: MOTORWAY

53. LOCAL GROUND FAILURE

54. AFTERSHOCKS OF THE 3 SEPT 2010 QUAKE Christchurch was hit by hundreds of aftershocks after the M7.1 earthquake of 3 September 2010, which exacerbated damage and added new injuries, but no new deaths.

55. THE TOLL: EXTENSIVE DAMAGE, BUT NO DEATHS The earthquake (and its aftershocks) caused extensive damage to buildings and infrastructure, but no deaths.

56. ECONOMIC LOSS: ESTIMATED AT $1.5 billion.

57. NEW ZEALAND’S NEXT DAMAGING EARTHQUAKE WAS INEVITABLE ---BUT, THE NEW ZEALANDERS DIDN’T EXPECT IT SO SOON--- FEB. 21, 2011, A SECOND REMINDER OF THE IMPORTANCE OF EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE.