1. Earth Science, 10e Edward J. Tarbuck & Frederick K. Lutgens

2. Groundwater Chapter 3 (page 94) Earth Science, 6e Stan Hatfield and Ken Pinzke Southwestern Illinois College

3. Sources of Earth’s water

4. Distribution of fresh water in the hydrosphere

5. Water, a renewable resource  Illustrates the circulation of Earth's water supply  Processes involved in the cycle Precipitation Evaporation Infiltration Runoff Transpiration

6. The hydrologic cycle

7. Groundwater…  Is the largest freshwater reservoir for humans. (90% of our water usage)  Plays important geological roles As an erosional agent, dissolving by groundwater produces Sinkholes Caverns An equalizer of stream flow

8. Features associated with subsurface water

9. Groundwater characteristics  Aquifer (closed/open aquifer)  Aquitard or aquiclude  Zone of saturation  Zone of aeration  Zone of recharge/Zone of discharge  Water table

10. Water beneath the surface (groundwater)  Porosity Percentage of pore spaces Determines how much groundwater can be stored  Permeability Ability to transmit water through connected pore spaces

11. Springs  Are where ground surface and water table meet: Springs Hot springs Water is 6-9ºC warmer than the mean air temperature of the locality Heated by cooling of igneous rock Geysers Intermittent hot springs Water turns to steam and erupts

12. Hot Springs

13. Old Faithful geyser in Yellowstone National Park

14. Geysers formation

15. Water beneath the surface (groundwater)  Features associated with groundwater Wells Pumping can cause a drawdown (lowering) of the water table Pumping can form a cone of depression in the water table Artesian wells Water in the well rises higher than the initial groundwater level

16. Formation of a cone of depression in the water table

17. Artesian Well

18. Pressure Surface

19. An artesian well resulting from an inclined aquifer

20. Treat groundwater as a nonrenewable resource  Environmental problems associated with groundwater: Pollution (Farming, industrial, etc…) Land subsidence caused by its withdrawal Salt water contamination

22. Water beneath the surface (groundwater)  Geologic work of groundwater Groundwater is often mildly acidic Contains weak carbonic acid Dissolves calcite in limestone Caverns Formed by dissolving rock beneath Earth's surface Formed in the zone of saturation

23. Water beneath the surface (groundwater)  Geologic work of groundwater Caverns Features found within caverns Form in the zone of aeration Composed of dripstone Calcite deposited as dripping water evaporates Common features include stalactites (hanging from the ceiling) and stalagmites (growing upward from the floor )

24. Dripstone formations in Carlsbad Caverns National Park

25. Water beneath the surface (groundwater)  Geologic work of groundwater Karst topography Formed by dissolving rock at, or near, Earth's surface Common features Sinkholes – surface depressions Sinkholes form by dissolving bedrock and cavern collapse Caves and caverns Area lacks good surface drainage

26. Development of karst topography

27. Infrared image of karst topography in central Florida

28. End of Chapter 3

29. GROUNDWATER No Talking Please

30. 1 - PERMEABILITY IS: a)ABILITY TO STORE GROUNDWATER b)ABILITY TO STOP GROUNDWATER c)ABILITY TO TRANSMIT GROUNDWATER d)NONE OF THE ABOVE

31. 2 - WHICH ONE OF THESE IS A MAJOR POLLUTANT IN OUR NORTH FLORIDA GROUNDWATER? a)PHOSPHATES b)SULFATES c)NITRATES d)CARBONATES

32. 3 - WHICH FORCE PUSHES THE GROUNDWATER THROUGH THE ROCK? a)THE PRESSURE SURFACE b)THE DARCY COEFFICIENT c)THE HYDRAULIC GRADIENT d)THE SURFACE TENSION

33. 4 - WHICH ONE (S) OF THESE IS (ARE) PART OF KARST TOPOGRAPHY? a)SINKHOLES b)CAVES AND CAVERNS c)SINKING CREEKS d)ALL OF THESE

34. 5 - AN AQUIFER IS a)IMPERMEABLE ROCK ABOVE THE GROUNDWATER b)POROUS AND PERMEABLE ROCK THAT CONTAINS THE GROUNDWATER c)SAME AS AQUITARD d)NONE OF THESE

35. 6 - THE WATER TABLE IS: a)TOP OF THE AQUIFER b)TOP OF THE ZONE OF SATURATION c)TOP OF THE ZONE OF AERATION d)NONE OF THE ABOVE

36. 7 - WHICH ZONE CONTAINS THE GROUNDWATER? a)THE ZONE OF AERATION b)THE CONE OF DEPRESSION c)THE PRESSURE SURFACE d)THE ZONE OF SATURATION

37. 8 - THE LOWERING OF THE WATER TABLE DUE TO HEAVY PUMPING IS: a)ZONE OF DEPRESSION b)ZONE OF SATURATION c)CONE OF DEPRESSION d)CONE OF SATURATION

38. 9 - WHICH ROCK IS AN AQUITARD? a)SANDSTONE b)LIMESTONE c)CLAY d)NONE OF THESE

39. 10- THE FLORIDIAN AQUIFER IS MADE OF WHAT ROCK? a)CLAYSTONE b)SANDSTONE c)LIMESTONE d)MILESTONE

40. 11 - AN ARTESIAN WELL EXISTS WHEN: a)IT LIES ABOVE THE PRESSURE SURFACE b)IT LIES BELOW THE PRESSURE SURFACE c)THE PRESSURE SURFACE IS ABSENT d)NONE OF THESE

41. 12 - HOW MUCH OF THE OCEAN WATERS ARE IN THE HYDROSPHERE? a)87% b)70% c)90% d)97%

42. 13 - HOW MUCH GROUNDWATER DO WE USE IN FLORIDA? a)80% b)70% c)90% d)97%

43. 14 - A ROCK ABILITY TO STORE WATER IS: a)PERMEABILITY b)SATURATION c)POROSITY d)AERATION

44. 15 – Which one of these is not source of nitrates pollution in FL? a.Farming b.Animal waste c.Septic Tank d.Fossil fuel burning

45. 16 - WHAT MAKES WATER FLOW? a.1. DISCHARGE b.2. RECHARGE c.HYDRAULIC GRADIENT d.DARCY’S FORCE

46. 17 – In Florida sinkholes are pathways to the groundwater a.True b.False

47. 18 – Fine particles that float on a stream surface are called a.Bed load b.Suspended load c.Floating load

48. 19 – Between stalagmites and stalagtites which ones hang from the ceiling? a.Stalagtites b.Stalagmites

49. 20 - It is possible to check areas prone to sinkhole from satellite imaging using a.Laser beam b.Infrasound c.Ultrasound d.Infrared

50. 21. Area where most of the runoff infiltrates the ground is called a.Zone of saturation b.Zone of discharge c.Zone of recharge d.Cone of depression

51. 22.Every time we develop a new area we are doing what? a.Increase the demand for water resources b.Reduce the amount of water getting into the ground c.Reduce the recharge zone d.Increase the risk for water pollution e.All of the above

52. 26.Well water or city water, they all are originating from the same aquifer a.True b.False c.Who cares!

53. 23.How much groundwater is there in the hydrosphere? a.97% b.3% c.< 1% d.None of these

54. 24.There are drugs in the groundwater you are drinking a.True b.False c.Great! d.Who cares!

55. 25.What is safe to drink? a.City water b.Well water c.Bottled water d.None is safe, they all may contain pollutants e.Who care!