1. Introduction to Life The Science of Biology

2. Biology is… The study of life…

3. …at all levels Figure 1.6

4. Life is… a phenomenon observed in organized genetic units and expressed as

5. Life is… a phenomenon observed in organized genetic units and expressed as –metabolism by individuals

6. Life is… a phenomenon observed in organized genetic units and expressed as –metabolism by individuals –reproduction among individuals

7. Life is… a phenomenon observed in organized genetic units and expressed as –metabolism by individuals –reproduction among individuals –evolution of populations through time

8. Paradigm

9. a pattern or an example of something

10. Paradigm a pattern or an example of something a mental picture or pattern of thought

11. Paradigm a pattern or an example of something a mental picture or pattern of thought the model that scientists hold about a particular area of knowledge [Thomas Kuhn in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions]

12. Organic Evolution is the Principle Paradigm in the Biological Sciences

13. the model that scientists hold about a particular area of knowledge

14. Organic Evolution is the Principle Paradigm in the Biological Sciences the model that scientists hold about a particular area of knowledge –an organizing concept

15. Organic Evolution is the Principle Paradigm in the Biological Sciences the model that scientists hold about a particular area of knowledge –an organizing concept –a principle

16. Organic Evolution is the Principle Paradigm in the Biological Sciences the model that scientists hold about a particular area of knowledge –an organizing concept –a principle –an assumption

17. Organic Evolution is the Principle Paradigm in the Biological Sciences the model that scientists hold about a particular area of knowledge –an organizing concept –a principle –an assumption –a presupposition

18. Dueling Paradigms

19. Static Creation in the Modern State

20. Dueling Paradigms Static Creation in vs.Evolution from a the Modern StateLess-complex State

21. Dueling Paradigms Static Creation in vs.Evolution from a the Modern StateLess-complex State Young Earth

22. Dueling Paradigms Static Creation in vs.Evolution from a the Modern StateLess-complex State Young EarthAncient Earth

23. Dueling Paradigms Static Creation in vs.Evolution from a the Modern StateLess-complex State Young EarthAncient Earth Recent Origin of Life

24. Dueling Paradigms Static Creation in vs.Evolution from a the Modern StateLess-complex State Young EarthAncient Earth Recent Origin of LifeAncient Origin of Life

25. Dueling Paradigms Static Creation in vs.Evolution from a the Modern StateLess-complex State Young EarthAncient Earth Recent Origin of LifeAncient Origin of Life Discrete Species

26. Dueling Paradigms Static Creation in vs.Evolution from a the Modern StateLess-complex State Young EarthAncient Earth Recent Origin of LifeAncient Origin of Life Discrete SpeciesIntergrading Species

27. The Puzzle of Nature

28. SimilaritiesDifferences

29. The Puzzle of Nature SimilaritiesDifferences DNA is universal

30. All Organisms Share DNA Landmarks Figure 1.8

31. The Puzzle of Nature SimilaritiesDifferences DNA is universalGenomes Differ

32. The Puzzle of Nature SimilaritiesDifferences DNA is universalGenomes Differ Eukaryotic metabolism

33. The Puzzle of Nature SimilaritiesDifferences DNA is universalGenomes Differ EukaryoticProkaryotic metabolism

34. The Puzzle of Nature SimilaritiesDifferences DNA is universalGenomes Differ EukaryoticProkaryotic metabolism Structural homologies

35. Vertebrate Forelimb Homologies Figure 1.2

36. The Puzzle of Nature SimilaritiesDifferences DNA is universalGenomes differ EukaryoticProkaryotic metabolism Structural Functional Homologiesadaptations

37. Functional Adaptations Figure 1.7

38. The “Evolution” of Evolution

39. “Organic life beneath the shoreless waves Was born and nurs'd in ocean's pearly caves; First forms minute, unseen by spheric glass, Move on the mud, or pierce the watery mass; These, as successive generations bloom, New powers acquire and larger limbs assume; Whence countless groups of vegetation spring, And breathing realms of fin and feet and wing.”

40. The “Evolution” of Evolution “Organic life beneath the shoreless waves Was born and nurs'd in ocean's pearly caves; First forms minute, unseen by spheric glass, Move on the mud, or pierce the watery mass; These, as successive generations bloom, New powers acquire and larger limbs assume; Whence countless groups of vegetation spring, And breathing realms of fin and feet and wing.”

41. The “Evolution” of Evolution “Organic life beneath the shoreless waves Was born and nurs'd in ocean's pearly caves; First forms minute, unseen by spheric glass, Move on the mud, or pierce the watery mass; These, as successive generations bloom, New powers acquire and larger limbs assume; Whence countless groups of vegetation spring, And breathing realms of fin and feet and wing.” Darwin

42. The “Evolution” of Evolution “Organic life beneath the shoreless waves Was born and nurs'd in ocean's pearly caves; First forms minute, unseen by spheric glass, Move on the mud, or pierce the watery mass; These, as successive generations bloom, New powers acquire and larger limbs assume; Whence countless groups of vegetation spring, And breathing realms of fin and feet and wing.” Darwin, Erasmus (1731-1802) The Temple of Nature

43. The “Evolution” of Evolution Count George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon (1707- 1788)  Perhaps structural similarities are due to descent from a common ancestor with similar characteristics

44. The “Evolution” of Evolution Count George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon (1707- 1788)  Perhaps structural similarities are due to descent from a common ancestor with similar characteristics Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829)  Organisms change from generation to generation as they inherit characteristics that their parents acquired during their lives

45. The “Evolution” of Evolution Charles Darwin

46. The “Evolution” of Evolution Charles Darwin  Organisms reproduce more offspring than can survive on available resources

47. The “Evolution” of Evolution Charles Darwin  Organisms reproduce more offspring than can survive on available resources  Populations of organism exhibit heritable variations in their characteristics

48. The “Evolution” of Evolution Charles Darwin  Organisms reproduce more offspring than can survive on available resources  Populations of organism exhibit heritable variations in their characteristics  Some characteristics make certain individuals more likely to survive than others

49. The “Evolution” of Evolution Charles Darwin  Given overpopulation/limited resources, biological variation & differential survival:

50. The “Evolution” of Evolution Charles Darwin  Given overpopulation/limited resources, biological variation & differential survival:  The characteristics of a population change over time

51. The “Evolution” of Evolution Charles Darwin  Given overpopulation/limited resources, biological variation & differential survival:  The characteristics of a population change over time  This pattern of “natural selection” is superimposed on the random processes of survival and death

52. The “Evolution” of Evolution Mid 18 th century - evolution was “in the air”

53. The “Evolution” of Evolution Mid 18 th century - evolution was “in the air” Mid 19 th century - natural selection

54. The “Evolution” of Evolution Mid 18 th century - evolution was “in the air” Mid 19 th century - natural selection Mid 20 th century - The Modern Synthesis

55. The “Evolution” of Evolution Mid 18 th century - evolution was “in the air” Mid 19 th century - natural selection Mid 20 th century - The Modern Synthesis –genetics, biochemistry, embryology, comparative anatomy, physiology, etc.

56. The “Evolution” of Evolution Mid 18 th century - evolution was “in the air” Mid 19 th century - natural selection Mid 20 th century - The Modern Synthesis –genetics, biochemistry, embryology, comparative anatomy, physiology, etc. –mutation, neutral genetic change, genetic drift, gene flow, catastrophe

57. Scientific Methods Science is objective and naturalistic

58. Scientific Methods Science is objective and naturalistic –scientific explanations are based on observations of nature that are available to anyone

59. Scientific Methods Science is objective and naturalistic –scientific explanations are based on observations of nature that are available to anyone –scientific explanations assume that events in nature occur without external intervention

60. Scientific Methods Scientific endeavors may be –exploratory

61. Scientific Methods Scientific endeavors may be –exploratory –historical/“forensic”

62. Scientific Methods Scientific endeavors may be –exploratory –historical/“forensic” –experimental

63. Scientific Methods Scientific investigation is hypothesis-driven

64. Scientific Methods Scientific investigation is hypothesis-driven –Observations lead to questions

65. Scientific Methods Scientific investigation is hypothesis-driven –Observations lead to questions –Questions lead to hypotheses (+/- educated guesses)

66. Scientific Methods Scientific investigation is hypothesis-driven –Observations lead to questions –Questions lead to hypotheses (+/- educated guesses) –Hypotheses lead to predictions

67. Scientific Methods Scientific investigation is hypothesis-driven –Observations lead to questions –Questions lead to hypotheses (+/- educated guesses) –Hypotheses lead to predictions –Predictions are tested by collection and analysis of data (natural, historical, experimental)

68. Landmarks in the Evolution of Life

69. Life from non-life

70. Life Began Early in Earth’s History Figure 1.3

71. Landmarks in the Evolution of Life Life from non-life First cells

72. Landmarks in the Evolution of Life Life from non-life First cells Oxygenic photosynthesis

73. An oxygenic cyanobacterium Figure 1.4

74. Life Occurred Without Oxygen for 13 Days Figure 1.3

75. Landmarks in the Evolution of Life Life from non-life First cells Oxygenic photosynthesis Increased variability

76. Landmarks in the Evolution of Life Life from non-life First cells Oxygenic photosynthesis Increased variability Eukaryotic cells

77. A compartmentalized eukaryotic cell Figure 1.5

78. All Organisms were Prokaryotic for 19 Days Figure 1.3

79. Landmarks in the Evolution of Life Life from non-life First cells Oxygenic photosynthesis Increased variability Eukaryotic cells Multicellularity

80. All Life was Unicellular for 23 Days Figure 1.3

81. Landmarks in the Evolution of Life Life from non-life First cells Oxygenic photosynthesis Increased variability Eukaryotic cells Multicellularity Invasion of Land

82. All Life was Aquatic for 27 Days Figure 1.3

83. Landmarks in the Evolution of Life Life from non-life First cells Oxygenic photosynthesis Increased variability Eukaryotic cells Multicellularity Invasion of Land Human Influence

84. Recorded Human History Began a Few Seconds Ago Figure 1.3