1. Nixon and the Watergate Scandal
“I am not a crook”
Nixon and the Watergate Scandal

2. The Election of 1972
Nixon continues to appeal to the “Silent Majority” and uses the “Southern Strategy” again: he attacked “hippies” and radicals, attacked school desegregation to win Southern support
His diplomatic successes in China and the Soviet Union won him wide support among Americans

3. CREEP Nixon left nothing to chance in 1972!
Nixon creates the Committee to Re-elect the President (CREEP) to ensure his reelection
Attorney General John Mitchell resigns from the Justice Department to become the chairman
CREEP raises $60 million illegally, $350,000 used for “dirty tricks”

4. CREEP creates “The Plumbers”
The “Plumbers” were created to stop leaks of information and destroy enemies of Nixon
First target of the plumbers: Daniel Ellsberg, the Defense Department analyst who leaked “The Pentagon Papers” to the press
Operation Gemstone:

5. A break-in at the Watergate
CREEP aide G. Gordon Liddy has an ambitious plan: break into Democratic National Headquarters, plant wiretaps, and copy documents
Wiretaps ordered at Democratic National Committee office in Watergate Hotel on June 17, 1972; a security guard foils the break-in
White House cover-up begins immediately
Despite this event, Nixon wins 61% of popular vote and wins in Electoral College,

6. The cover-up
Nixon tells the CIA to stop the FBI from investigating the case
Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein of The Washington Post investigated the Watergate break-in, and found that two of the Watergate conspirators, E. Howard Hunt and G. Gordon Liddy worked for CREEP
They write a series of articles about the illegal activities of CREEP; find that the burglars were paid “hush money,” discovered many other illegal activities
Their secret source: “Deep Throat”

7. Who actually was “Deep Throat?”
His identity was hidden for over thirty years!

8. The burglars go on trial
Early in 1973, the Watergate burglars went on trial before federal judge “Maximum John” Sirica
One of the defendants, John McCord, admits that the White House had lied about their involvement and had pressured the burglars to “plead guilty and remain silent.”

9. Ervin Committee Hearings
May-November, 1973: Senator Sam Ervin chairs televised special Senate investigation uncovers the president’s use of government agencies to harass his enemies, The White House’s role in the Watergate break-in, and illegal campaign contributions.
Special Counsel John Dean admits that there was a cover-up, and that President Nixon directed it.
White House aide Alexander Butterfield revealed that Nixon had installed a secret taping system in his office that had been used since 1971.

10. Other problems
Vice President Spiro Agnew pleads “no contest” to income-tax evasion and accepting bribes in October, He resigns as Vice President, is fined $10,000, and is given three years probation.
Nixon nominates Congressman Gerald Ford to replace him.
Nixon’s personal finances come under investigation in 1973 as well. He had paid $800 a year in income tax even though he had earned $200,000 each year.
$10 million in federal funds were spent on his personal real estate properties and his daughters’ homes. He later agreed to pay $400,000 in back taxes.

11. The tapes
Nixon refused to hand the tapes over to special prosecutor Archibald Cox. On October 12, the Court of Appeals rules that the tapes must be turned over.
On October 20, Nixon promised to offer summaries of the tapes and ordered special prosecutor Cox to stop trying to obtain the tapes. Nixon then ordered Attorney General Elliott Richardson to fire Cox. He refused to so, and resigned. Nixon then asked the Deputy Attorney General to fire Cox. He resigned as well. Robert Bork, the Solicitor General, eventually fired him. This turn of events was known as the “Saturday Night Massacre.”

12. The tapes (cont.)
Nixon released printed and edited transcripts of his tapes in April, They revealed that he and his men as petty, vulgar men, constantly scheming to “get their enemies.”
The phrase “expletive deleted” was used repeatedly in the transcripts. There were gaps in the tapes as well. Nixon refused still to actually turn over the tapes.
What was the decision in the Supreme Court case, U.S. v. Nixon? What was its importance?

13. Impeachment proceedings begin
July, 1974: House Judiciary Committee meets to decide on Articles of Impeachment against Nixon: Three articles of impeachment drafted 1. Obstruction of justice for impeding the Watergate investigation 2. Abuse of Presidential power for using government agencies to harass his enemies 3. Contempt of Congress for refusing to obey a congressional subpoena to release the tapes

14. The end
August 5, 1974: Nixon admits that he withheld evidence and turns over his tapes
Tapes reveal that Nixon ordered the cover-up of the break-in, obstructed justice, and lied about his role for over two years
August 9, 1974: Nixon resigns, Gerald Ford sworn in as President (first U.S. President that was not elected as President or Vice President): “Our long national nightmare is over.”

15. President Ford pardons Nixon
A month later, Ford pardons Nixon!
Why did Ford make this decision, and what was the impact of the pardon on America?