1. cs333/cutler Greedy1 Introduction to Greedy Algorithms The greedy technique Problems explored –The coin changing problem –Activity selection

2. cs333/cutler Greedy2 Optimization problems An optimization problem: –Given a problem instance, a set of constraints and an objective function. –Find a feasible solution for the given instance for which the objective function has an optimal value –either maximum or minimum depending on the problem being solved. A feasible solution satisfies the problem’s constraints The constraints specify the limitations on the required solutions. For example in the knapsack problem we require that the items in the knapsack will not exceed a given weight

3. cs333/cutler Greedy3 The Greedy Technique(Method) Greedy algorithms make good local choices in the hope that they result in an optimal solution. –They result in feasible solutions. –Not necessarily an optimal solution. A proof is needed to show that the algorithm finds an optimal solution. A counter example shows that the greedy algorithm does not provide an optimal solution.

4. cs333/cutler Greedy4 Pseudo-code for Greedy Algorithm set Greedy (Set Candidate){ solution= new Set( ); while (Candidate.isNotEmpty()) { next = Candidate.select(); //use selection criteria, //remove from Candidate and return value if (solution.isFeasible( next)) //constraints satisfied solution.union( next); if (solution.solves()) return solution} //No more candidates and no solution return null }

5. cs333/cutler Greedy5 Pseudo code for greedy cont. select() chooses a candidate based on a local selection criteria, removes it from Candidate, and returns its value. isFeasible() checks whether adding the selected value to the current solution can result in a feasible solution (no constraints are violated). solves() checks whether the problem is solved.

6. cs333/cutler Greedy6 (12,D,N,P/15) Coin changing problem Problem: Return correct change using a minimum number of coins. Greedy choice: coin with highest coin value A greedy solution (next slide): American money The amount owed = 37 cents. The change is: 1 quarter, 1 dime, 2 cents. Solution is optimal. Is it optimal for all sets of coin sizes? Is there a solution for all sets of coin sizes?

7. cs333/cutler Greedy7 A greedy solution: Input: Set of coins of different denominations, amount- owed change = {} while (more coin-sizes && valueof(change)<amount- owed) Choose the largest remaining coin-size // Selection // feasibility check while (adding the coin does not make the valueof(change) exceed the amount-owed ) then add coin to change //check if solved if ( valueof(change) equals amount-owed) return change else delete coin-size return “failed to compute change”

8. cs333/cutler Greedy8 Elements of the Greedy Strategy Cast problem as one in which we make a greedy choice and are left with one subproblem to solve. To show optimality: 1.Prove there is always an optimal solution to original problem that makes the greedy choice.

9. cs333/cutler Greedy9 Elements of the Greedy Strategy 2.Demonstrate that what remains is a subproblem with property: If we combine the optimal solution of the subproblem with the greedy choice we have an optimal solution to original problem.

10. cs333/cutler Greedy10 Activity Selection Given a set S of n activities with start time s i and finish time f i of activity i Find a maximum size subset A of compatible activities (maximum number of activities). Activities are compatible if they do not overlap Can you suggest a greedy choice?

11. cs333/cutler Greedy11 Example Time 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0 2 1 4 3 7 11 15 3 10 2 12 11 13 Activities 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

12. cs333/cutler Greedy12 Counter Example 1 Select by start time Time 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0 15 1 4 11 15 Activities 1 2 3

13. cs333/cutler Greedy13 Counter Example 2 Select by minimum duration Time 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 8 7 9 8 15 Activities 1 2 3

14. cs333/cutler Greedy14 Select by finishing time Time 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0 2 1 4 3 7 11 15 3 10 2 12 11 13 Activities 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

15. cs333/cutler Greedy15 Activity Selection Assume without loss of generality that we number the intervals in order of finish time. So f 1 ...  f n. Greedy choice: choose activity with minimum finish time The following greedy algorithm starts with A={1} and then adds all compatible jobs. (Theta(n)) Theta(nlogn) when including sort

16. cs333/cutler Greedy16 Greedy-Activity-Selector(s,f) n <- length[s] // number of activities A <- {1} j <- 1 //last activity added for i <- 2 to n //select if s i >= f j then //compatible (feasible) add {i} to A j <- i //save new last activity return A

17. cs333/cutler Greedy17 Proof that greedy solution is optimal 1.It is easy to see that there is an optimal solution to the problem that makes the greedy choice. Proof of 1. Let A be an optimal solution. Let activity 1 be the greedy choice. If 1  A the proof is done. If 1  A, we will show that A’=A-{a}+{1} is another optimal solution that includes 1. Let a be the activity with minimum finish time in A. Since activities are sorted by finishing time in the algorithm, f(1)  f(a). If f(1)  s(a) we could add 1 to A and it could not be optimal. So s(1) < f(a), and 1 and a overlap. Since f(1)  f(a), if we remove a and add 1 we get another compatible solution A’=A-{a}+{1} and |A’|=|A|

18. cs333/cutler Greedy18 Proof that greedy solution is optimal 2. If we combine the optimal solution of the remaining subproblem with the greedy choice we have an optimal solution to the original problem. Proof of 2. Let activity 1 be the greedy choice. Let S’ be the subset of activities that do not overlap with 1. S’={i|i =1,…,n and s i  f(1)}. Let B be an optimal solution for S’. From the definition of S’, A’={1}+B is compatible, and a solution to the original problem.

19. cs333/cutler Greedy19 Proof that greedy solution is optimal 2. If we combine the optimal solution of the remaining subproblem with the greedy choice we have an optimal solution to the original problem. Proof of 2 continued. The proof is by contradiction. Assume that A’ is not an optimal solution to the original problem. Let A be an optimal solution that contains 1. So |A’| |A’-{1}|=|B|. But A-{1} is also a solution to the problem of S’, contradicting the assumption that B is an optimal solution to S’.