1. The Industrial Society 1850–1901

2. The Corliss Engine A “mechanical marvel” at the Centennial Exposition of 1876, the Corliss engine was a prime example of the giantism the public admired. (Source: “The Corliss Engine,” The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, NY.)
The Corliss Engine A “mechanical marvel” at the Centennial Exposition of 1876, the Corliss engine was a prime example of the giantism the public admired. (Source: “The Corliss Engine,” The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, NY.)

3. The Industrial Society 1850–1901
Industrial Development
An Empire on Rails
An Industrial Empire
The Sellers
The Wage Earners
Culture of Work

4. A Machine Culture U.S. fast becoming industrialized culture
Developments in manufacturing, transportation, communications, changed society
Laborers in steel, oil, railroads played leading role 2

5. Industrial Development

6. Industrial Development
Late 19th-century U.S. offers ideal conditions for rapid industrial growth
Abundance of cheap natural resources
Large pools of labor
Largest free trade market in the world
Capital, government support without regulation
Rapid growth 1865–1914 2

7. An Empire on Rails
An Empire on Rails

8. An Empire on Rails
U.S. industrial economy based on expansion of the railroads
Steamships made Atlantic crossings twice as fast
The telegraph and telephone transformed communications 3

9. Advantages of the Railroad
Railroads transform American life
End rural isolation
Allow regional economic specialization
Make mass production, consumption possible
Lead to organization of modern corporation
Stimulate other industries
Railroads capture the imagination of the American people 4

10. Building the Empire
1865–1916: U.S. lays over 200,000 miles of track costing billions of dollars
Expenses met by government at all levels
Federal railroad grants prompt corruption
1850–1945: Railroads save government $1 billion in freight costs 5

11. Figure 18. 1 Railroad Construction, 1830–1920 Source: U. S
Figure 18.1 Railroad Construction, 1830–1920 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Bicentennial Edition, Washington, DC, 1975.
Figure 18.1 Railroad Construction, 1830–1920 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Bicentennial Edition, Washington, DC, 1975.

12. Linking the Nation via Trunk Lines
No integrated rail system before Civil War
After 1860 construction and consolidation of trunk lines proceeds rapidly
East linked directly with Great Lakes, West 6

13. Linking the Nation via Trunk Lines (cont’d)
Southern railroad system integrated in 1880s
Rail transportation becomes safe, fast, reliable 6

14. Map Railroads, 1870 and 1890 In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, railroads expanded into Texas, the far Southwest, and the Northwest, carrying settlers, businesses, and government to the far-flung areas.
Map Railroads, 1870 and 1890 In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, railroads expanded into Texas, the far Southwest, and the Northwest, carrying settlers, businesses, and government to the far-flung areas.

15. Rails Across the Continent
1862: Congress authorizes the transcontinental railroad
Union Pacific works westward from Nebraska using Irish laborers
Central Pacific works eastward using Chinese immigrants
May 10, 1869: Tracks meet in Utah
By 1900, four more lines to Pacific 7

16. Problems of Growth Intense competition among railroads
Efforts to share freight in an orderly way fail
After Panic of 1893, bankers gain control of railroad corporations 8

17. Problems of Growth (cont’d)
Bankers impose order by consolidating to eliminate competition, increase efficiency
In 1900, seven giant rail systems dominate 8

18. The Meeting of the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads After the last spike was hammered in at Promontory, Utah, the pilots of the two locomotives exchanged champagne toasts. The chief engineers of the two lines are shaking hands. Absent from the photograph are the Chinese laborers who helped build the railroad.
The Meeting of the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads After the last spike was hammered in at Promontory, Utah, the pilots of the two locomotives exchanged champagne toasts. The chief engineers of the two lines are shaking hands. Absent from the photograph are the Chinese laborers who helped build the railroad.

19. An Industrial Empire
An Industrial Empire

20. An Industrial Empire
Bessemer process of refining steel permits mass production
Use of steel changes agriculture, manufacturing, transportation, architecture 9

21. Figure 18.2 International Steel Production, 1880–1914

22. Carnegie and Steel 1872: Andrew Carnegie enters steel business
By 1901, Carnegie employs 20,000 and produces more steel than Great Britain
Sells out to J. P. Morgan
Morgan heads incorporation of the United States Steel Company 11

23. Rockefeller and Oil Petroleum profitable as kerosene for lighting
1859: First oil well drilled in Pennsylvania
1863: John D. Rockefeller organizes Standard Oil Company of Ohio 12

24. Rockefeller and Oil (cont’d)
Rockefeller lowers costs, improves quality, establishes efficient marketing operation
Standard Oil Trust centralizes Rockefeller control of member companies outside Ohio 12

25. King of a New Industry John D
King of a New Industry John D. Rockefeller, satirized in a 1901 Puck cartoon, is enthroned on oil, the base of his empire; other holdings gird his crown.
King of a New Industry John D. Rockefeller, satirized in a 1901 Puck cartoon, is enthroned on oil, the base of his empire; other holdings gird his crown.

26. The Business of Invention
Late 19th-century industry leads to new American technology
An Age of Invention
Telegraph, camera, processed foods, telephone, phonograph, incandescent lamp
Electricity in growing use by 1900 13

27. The Sellers
The Sellers

28. The Sellers Marketing becomes a science in late 1800s
Advertising becomes common
New ways of selling include chain store, department store, brand name, mail-order
Americans become a community of consumers 14

29. The Wage Earners
The Wage Earners

30. The Wage Earners
The labor of millions of men and women built the new industrial society
1875–1900 real wages rose, working conditions improved, and workers’ national influence increased
Health and educational services expanded benefiting workers 15

31. Working Men, Working Women, Working Children
Chronically low wages
Average wages: $400–500 per year, needed $600 for decent living
Dangerous working conditions, accidents, pollutants
Breadwinner might be woman or child
“Child labor” means under 14; low wages

32. Working Men, Working Women, Working Children (cont’d)
Women were young, single
25% of married African American women work
Women move into clerical jobs, few become professionals
Women’s earnings unequal to men’s

33. New Jobs for Women As demand for workers grew, women took over many of the duties formerly performed by men. Despite their performance in the workplace, however, the women were usually overseen by male supervisors.
New Jobs for Women As demand for workers grew, women took over many of the duties formerly performed by men. Despite their performance in the workplace, however, the women were usually overseen by male supervisors.

34. Culture of Work
Culture of Work

35. Culture of Work
Factory work habits demand adjustments for immigrants, rural folk
Many adjust well enough to advance
Many more see children advance to better jobs 16

36. Labor Unions Early labor unions like fraternal orders
1886: Samuel Gompers founds American Federation of Labor
A.F.L. seeks practical improvements for wages, working conditions
Focus on skilled workers
Ignores women, African Americans 17

37. Labor Unrest Workers form unions; argued for higher wages
Employers try to apply strict laws of the market
Court issues injunctions against strikes, broke Pullman Strike of 1894
1880–1900: 23,000 strikes 18

38. Map Labor Strikes, 1870–1900 More than 14,000 strikes occurred in the 1880s and early 1890s, involving millions of workers.
Map Labor Strikes, 1870–1900 More than 14,000 strikes occurred in the 1880s and early 1890s, involving millions of workers.

39. Labor Unrest (cont’d)
1886: Chicago Haymarket incident prompts fears of anarchist uprising
1892: Homestead steel strike, Pinkerton detectives, strikers in gun battle
State militia called into restore order 18

40. The Riot in Hay Market Square In the rioting that followed the bomb explosion in Haymarket Square in Chicago, seven police officers and five workers died and more than 60 officers were wounded, many of them by fellow police.
The Riot in Hay Market Square In the rioting that followed the bomb explosion in Haymarket Square in Chicago, seven police officers and five workers died and more than 60 officers were wounded, many of them by fellow police.

41. Conclusion: Industrialization’s Benefits and Costs

42. Conclusion: Industrialization’s Benefits and Costs
Benefits of rapid industrialization
Rise in national power and wealth
Improving standard of living 19

43. Conclusion: Industrialization’s Benefits and Costs (cont’d)
Human cost of industrialization
Exploitation
Social unrest
Growing disparity between rich and poor
Increasing power of giant corporations 19

44. Timeline
Timeline