1. 480 BC
Exam question:
In 480 BC, the Greeks fought a major battle with the Persians. We consider this date to be the beginning of the _________ era.
Hellenistic b. Archaic
Good Times d. Classical
e. Imperial
(don’t bother to copy down wrong answers!)

2. SUMMARY Roman art was about POWER, PLEASURE & PRACTICALITY
ARCHitecture
ART: media: mosaic, fresco
SCULPTURE: Realism
MUSIC: not much to say

3. ANCIENT ROME
The Spirit of Empire

4. map
better map p. 72

5. Romulus & Remus capitoline wolf
In the fourth century B.C., Romulus & Remus are born. Sons (by Mars) of the virgin daughter of a human king. Unwed mother. Twins left in a river, raised by a wolf and a woodpecker. After growing up, they return to kill the king, the brother of their mother, and restore their grandfather to the throne. They found the city of Rome on the site of where they were left in the river. Divisions and conflicts arise between the two brothers, and Romulus kills Remus.

6. Etruscan Apollo from Veii p. 71 500 b.c Life size Baked clay
(terracotta)
Archaic Greek
influence (smile, stance)
The philosopher Seneca, in the first century A.D., may have had an explanation for the Etruscans' inability to take charge of themselves and change.
"This is the difference between us Romans and the Etruscans," Seneca wrote. "We believe that lightning is caused by clouds colliding, whereas they believe that clouds collide in order to create lightning. Since they attribute everything to gods, they are led to believe not that events have a meaning because they have happened, but that they happen in order to express a meaning."
p. 71

7. 3 Roman Periods Roman Republic 509 - 27 BC
Early empire BC AD PAX ROMANA ends with the reign of Marcus Aurelius
Late empire AD
about 900 years

8. But first some connections and comparisons . . .
Ancient Greek Hellenistic Age ends in 145 BC – why?
ROMAN CONQUEST

9. Other cultures Ancient Egypt 3150 – 702 BC about 2500 years
China Shang Dynasty starts 1523 BC; more-or-less continuous Chinese culture since then, about 3500 years Qin Dynasty consolidates China, BC, about 16 years Han Dynasty 206 BC – 220 CE classical phase of Chinese civilization, about 400 years
ROME – 900 years

10. 3 timelines Roman Republic Early & Late Imperial Rome Classical Greek
Hellenistic
Archaic Greek
HAN DYNASTY - CHINA
Chin
Zhou
Qin
3 Kingdoms

11. Classical – some definitions
[culturally inclusive] Definitive (defining) and enduring
[narrow sense] art & architecture of Greek & Roman antiquity
[another general sense] ‘art which aspires to emotional and physical equilibrium, rationally rather than intuitively constructed’

12. Roman contributions Literature
Continuation of Greek models in art & philosophy
Architecture

13. Post & Lintel construction
GREEK
LINTEL P O S T P O S T
PARTHENON

14. Post & Lintel drawbacks
thick P O S T
thick
narrow

15. Something new under the sun . . .

16. Roman ARCHitecture

17. Arches – strength through compression

18. Pont du Gard (in France)
Inventions reached their limit a long time ago, and I see no hope for further development Julius Frontius, 1st century AD

19. Archways for Aquaducts

20. Pantheon p

21. Pantheon

22. Pantheon plan

23. Interior views
Engineering marvel
Concrete!

25. Interior more spectacular than exterior

26. Missing pedimental sculpture (would have been like Parthenon)
Pantheon comments
later used as church
Tuscan order of columns (with Corinthian capitals)

28. POWER (POLITICS) & PLEASURE
Coliseum
Brings together the violence and the achievements of Roman society
Home of gladiatorial contests…man vs.man, man vs. animal, animal vs. animal
Seating designed for comfort with an expandable covering over the top
Plumbing which could wash away the blood or create an ‘inland sea’ on which to have mock sea battles
POWER (POLITICS) & PLEASURE

29. plan

33. Art as propaganda Taxi! Hail, Caesar Augustus! a.k.a. Octavian
Ruled 27 BC – 14 AD
PAX ROMANA
MEMORIZE DATE: 0
Hailing Caesar
p. 74

35. Altar of Augustan Peace
Ara Pacis Augustae
p. 75
Altar of Augustan Peace

36. 2:1 length:height

37. A family affair
p. 76

38. Column of Trajan

39. SCALE!
p. 77

40. art as propaganda

41. Roman Realism Life as it is – fidelity to nature
Portrait Sculpture
Roman Realism
Life as it is –
fidelity to nature

42. Livia
Augustus’
Wife
Livia

43. Middle Aged
Flavian
woman
Young Flavian woman

44. Statue of an old market woman, 1st century A.D.; Roman
On the way to a rite of Dionysus?
Probably intentionally damaged by Early Christians
The woman wears a thin elegant dress, thong sandals, and a crown of Dionysiac ivy leaves. She may be dressed for a festival and the birds and basket of fruit she carries might be offerings. Her garment has slipped off her shoulder, a detail often seen in representations of old women that hints at the liberation of the elderly from the restrictions imposed on women of childbearing years. As in many such figures, direct observation of reality lends force to deeper religious implications. The piece may be a copy of an older, Hellenistic model or a creation of the Roman period in a tradition that was still alive. It seems to have been deliberately damaged, probably in the late antiquity, when such a pagan image would have provoked hostility. Statue of an old market woman, 1st century A.D.; Julio-Claudian Roman Pentelic marble; H. 49 5/8 in.

45. Emperor
Caracalla

46. Philippus the Arab, ruled 244-249

47. 2-D work
Mosaics
Wall painting - fresco
MEDIA

48. Mosaics From Greek Hellenistic period Tessare - colored glass
Ceramic pieces
Narrow color range
Technology and artistry improves to create what look like paintings

49. Trompe l’oiel
“fool the eye”
Unswept Floor Roman copy of Hellenistic original. p. 86

50. Roman Painting
Fresco (buon affresco, true frecso, compared to fresco secco, dry fresco)
Pigment mixed with limewater and added to wet plaster
Wax added to surface after paint had dried to give a sheen to surface.

51. Villa of the Mysteries at Pompeii 65-50 b.c.

52. Pompeii Buried by volcanic eruption of Vesuvius 79 AD
Prosperous community of 25,000

53. p. 87 depicts initiation Rites of the Cult of Bacchus
from the Villa of Mysteries Pompeii
p. 87

54. Characteristic red background
NOT actually religious—just decorative
Summer house of wine merchant, richest in town
Content not currently fully explained
Characteristic red background
p. 87

55. From Pompeii, c CE.   Sacral-idyllic (sacred and ideal) landscapes depict allegorical scenes in Nature.
"Sacral - Idyllic Landscape"  From Pompeii, c CE.   Sacral-idyllic (sacred and ideal) landscapes depict allegorical scenes in Nature. _images such as these are found in upper class and imperial homes and villas. They typically include sacred structures which you can see four of in this painting.  The central figure is the god Terminus who is associated with borders and definition. The goats make reference to Dionysus and the temple is a temple of Diana.  Landscapes such as these are rich in allegory. They not only reaffirm the Roman love of nature and country life but they also may serve to reaffirm the Augustan program of peace, abundance and upper class fecundity.  The Roman love for nature and the pastoral life is also reflected in the development of the villa or a house dedicated to suburban or country living. 
In Second Style paintings the image serves as an opening, or view, into another landscape or scene, sometimes separated and/or framed by columns. Subjects may be buildings, still lifes, landscapes or figures in an architectural or landscape setting.

56. "Gardenscape" Villa of Livia, Primaporta (Rome), c. 30 - 20 B.C.E.
"Gardenscape"  Villa of Livia, Primaporta (Rome), c B.C.E. Here in the house of Livia, Augustus' wife, the painter has done away with any framing devices, the wall opens out completely into the orchard scene. The skillful painter includes another device for suggesting three-dimensional depth, atmospheric perspective. We see this in the less detailed, more generalized forms of the further trees in the picture
"Gardenscape"  Villa of Livia, Primaporta (Rome), c B.C.E.

57. small town near Pompeii
Still Life from
Herculaneum
50 a.d.
small town near Pompeii
Still life – a genre of painting featuring inanimate objects (usually (?) associated with material well-being)

58. SUMMARY Roman art was about POWER, PLEASURE & PRACTICALITY
ARCHitecture
ART (2-D) – media: mosaic, fresco
SCULPTURE: Realism
MUSIC: not much to say

59. KEY IMAGE
WHAT:
WHERE:
IDEA:
PANTHEON
ROME
INNOVATIONS -- ARCH, concrete

60. Taxi!
KEY IMAGE
WHAT (SUBJECT):
CULTURE:
IDEA:
WHEN:
CAESAR AUGUSTUS
ROMAN
ART AS PROPAGANDA
around 0
p. 74

61. KEY IMAGE CULTURE: IDEA: HELLENISTIC/ROMAN MEDIUM: TECHNIQUE:
REALISM, PLEASURE
MOSAIC
TROMPE L’OIEL
p. 86

62. KEY IMAGE WHERE: CULTURE: IDEA: MEDIUM: p. 87 from Pompeii ROMAN
PLEASURE
FRESCO
p. 87

63. Up to Dates?
CAESAR AUGUSTUS IN POWER – END OF REPUBLIC, START OF EMPIRE – PAX ROMANA
480 BCE -
0 -
BEGINNING OF GREEK CLASSICAL ERA/GOLDEN AGE

64. CONSTANTINE AND EARLY CHRISTIANITY
UP NEXT
ROME FALLS 410
CONSTANTINE AND EARLY CHRISTIANITY
Chapter 5
ROME SACKED 410; 476 CONSTANTINE MOVES SEAT OF POWER . . .

65. And then came the LATINS
Earlier Periods
Pre-Etruscan BC
Ertruscan BC - strong enough to resist Greeks
And then came the LATINS

66. Domestic Architecture
Domus = house
Atrium = entrance to house
Outside plain, inside elaborate.
Homes were considered sanctuaries
Atrium would often have sculptures of family members

68. Atrium

69. House of Vettii Garden

71. Large scale rural architecture
Hadrian’s Villa (2nd c.)
1/2 square mile in size (c. 250 acres)
30 buildings (now in ruins)
hundreds of statues (over 500)
mosaic floors
“Antiquarian Spirit” – Greek, Egyptian revival
Hadrian's Villa (Villa Hadriana) is a large Roman villa built by the emperor Hadrian in the early second century CE. The villa was a sumptuous complex of over 30 buildings, covering an area of at least 100 hectares (c. 250 acres), maybe even 300 hectares, of which much is still unexcavated. Hadrian's Villa is a UNESCO World Heritage site.
The villa was Hadrian's preferred residence when he was in Rome. His choice of an imperial palace outside Rome, instead one of the several palaces in Rome, was probably influenced by the miserable relations he had with the senate and the local Roman aristocracy.
Hadrian was born in Spain, just like his predecessor Trajan, and the senate and the local aristocracy had trouble coming to terms with another provincial on the imperial throne.
The way Hadrian had assumed power only reinforced their opposition to him. Trajan's adoption of Hadrian on his deathbed was immediately cast in doubt, and when four military leaders, all Roman aristocrats who had been close to Trajan and hence possible contenders for the throne, were assassinated immediately after Trajan's death, the senate immediately suspected Hadrian of having ordered the killings.
Hadrian only arrived in Rome eleven months after Trajan's death, and denied any wrongdoing, but his relationship with the senate never recovered from the crisis. As a consequence Hadrian stayed very little in Rome. He travelled extensively throughout most of the empire in two prolonged periods, in  CE and in  CE, and when in Italy he preferred to stay away from Rome. A grandiose imperial palace outside Rome, but not too far away, was the perfect answer.