1. Fair Elections Are they possible?

2. Acknowledgment Many of the examples are taken from Excursions in Modern Mathematics by Peter Tannenbaum and Robert Arnold

3. Presidential Election Not decided by majority vote Decided by electoral college In 2000, Bush won without receiving a majority of votes

4. Senate and House Elections Majority wins If no candidate wins a majority, then the outcome depends on the state’s rules

5. Today’s Assumptions At least two choices Voters give preference list: A>B means A preferred over B VoteA B C D Means A>B>C>D

6. Who Wins? Given everyone’s preference vote, what method should be used to determine winner? Some bad methods: –My vote wins: Called dictatorship –Ignore the votes and pick one at random: Decision should be deterministic –Always pick A as the winner regardless of vote: Imposition, Method should be non- impositional

7. Vote for Class President No. Votes 1410841 1 st ACDBC 2 nd BBCDD 3 rd CDBCB 4thDAAAA

8. Plurality Method Candidate with most first place votes wins In case of class president, A wins We will not worry about ties. (Ways to resolve ties, or just have more than one winner!)

9. Plurality Method Advantage If majority of voters place a choice as their first preference, then that choice wins. Disadvantage Ignores the lower preference choices Majority Criterion: If a choice receives a majority of the top preference votes, then that choice should win

10. Plurality Method No. votes 23213 1 st ABC 2 nd BCB 3rdCAA A wins plurality, but if B goes head to head with either A or C, B wins!

11. Plurality Method Used for many political elections (common in England, India, US, Canada) Often used to pick corporate executive officers

12. Condercet Criterion If any choice wins in a head-to-head comparison over every other choice, then that choice should win. Plurality does not satisfy Condercet criterion –Means that plurality will not satisfy Condercet criterion for some voting outcome, but for some voting outcomes it might

13. Insincere Voting Sometimes in order to avoid undesirable winner, voter may put first choice second Other schemes, may move second choice to last No. votes 23213 1 st ABC 2 nd BCB 3rdCAA No. votes 23213 1 st ABB 2 nd BCC 3rdCAA

14. Borda Count Assign points for each vote base on preference ExampleA 3 points D2 points B1 point C0 points

15. Borda Count Who wins class president? A79 B106 C104 D81 B wins!

16. Borda Count No. Voters 623 1 st ABC 2nd BCD 3 rd CDB 4 th DAA A6 x 3 = 18 B6 x 2 + 2 x 3 + 3 x 1 = 21 C6 x 1 + 2 x 2 + 3 x 3 = 19 D2 x 1 + 3 x 2 = 8 Violates Majority Criterion and Condercet

17. Borda Count Used in some political elections (Slovenia and Micronesia) Baseball MPV in AL and NL Heisman Trophy Universities often use it for hiring

18. Plurality with Elimination 1.If a choice has a majority of first place votes, that choice wins 2.Eliminate choice with fewest first place votes and pretend the election was only among the other choices 3.Back to 1.

19. Plurality with Elimination Who wins class president? D

20. Plurality with Elimination Three candidates in an election. Word gets out who is voting for who. Consequently, a few people change their votes so they vote for a winner. No. Votes 78104 1 st ABCA 2 nd BCAC 3rdCABB No. Votes 7814 1 st ABC 2 nd BCA 3rdCAB

21. Plurality with Elimination Advantage –Majority Criterion Satisfied Disadvantage –Violates Monotonicity Criterion: If votes are changed that only improves the winners position, the winner should not change

22. Plurality with Elimination Variations used in political elections (France) Often used in hiring Olympic Committee uses to determine location of Olympics

23. Pairwise Comparison For each pair of choices, x and y, count the number of votes that places x before y and the number that places y before x. One point to the winner, ½ point if tie Tally all the points and the most points wins

24. Pairwise Comparison Who wins class president? A 14, B 23 … B gets 1 point A 14, C 23 … C gets 1 point A 14, D 23 … D gets 1 point B 18, C 19 … C gets 1 point B 28, D 9 … B gets 1 point C 25, D 12 … C gets 1 point C Wins with 3 points!

25. Pairwise Comparison No. Votes 2641144 1 st ABBCCDE 2 nd DAABDAC 3 rd CCDAAED 4 th BDEDBCB 5thEECEEBA A vrs B B 1 A vrs C A 1 A vrs D A 1 A vrs E A 1 B vrs C C 1 B vrs D B.5 D.5 B vrs E B 1 C vrs D C 1 C vrs E E 1 D vrs E D 1 A: 3 B: 2.5 C: 2 D: 1.5 E: 1 Winner is A But what if C withdraws just before vote?

26. Pairwise Comparison Advantage –Satisfies Majority –Satisfies Condercet –Satisfies Monotonicity Disadvantage –Does not satisfy Independence-of- Irrelevant-Alternative Criterion: If x is the winner and a choice other than x is removed, x should still be the winner.

27. Pairwise Comparison Not currently used in any political election – variation last used in Marquette Michigan in the 1920’s Variation used by Wikimedia Foundation for election of Trustees Various other private organizations

28. Who Should be Class President? Four reasonable methods yielded four different answers! Critical that before voting takes place, method of determining winner is well established! But, is there some method that satisfies all the fairness criteria?

29. Is Fairness an Illusion? No. Votes 543 1 st ABC 2 nd BCA 3rdCAB Theorem: If a voting scheme satisfies the Majority Criterion, it cannot satisfy the Independence-of-Alternative Criterion. Proof: Suppose A wins. If B withdraws, then C wins. Suppose B wins. If C withdraws, then A wins. Suppose C wins. If A withdraws, then B wins.

30. Arrows Theorem Theorem: If the method to determine the winner is deterministic, non-impositional, and it satisfies both Monotonicity and Independence-of-Alternative criteria, then it is a dictatorship. Sometimes people say there is no fair way to determine who wins!

31. Summary MajorityCondercetMonotonicityIndependence Plurality YesNoYesNo Borda Count No YesNo Plurality Elimination YesNo Pairwise Comparison Yes No

32. Best Method Let’s vote on which method we think is best. Before we vote, we have to decide which method to use to determine winner. Let’s vote on which method to use to determine the best method. Before we vote on which method to use, we have to …