2. Summary Sinusoidal wave on a string

3. Wavefunction

4. Superposition of Waves For more than one wave on a string, add the wavefunctions together. This is called the superposition, which means to add.

5. Reflection at a boundary When a wave reflects from a fixed boundary, the reflected wave is inverted (i.e. upside down or the negative of the wavefunction).

6. Standing Wave A standing wave is produced by two waves of the same amplitude, frequency, and phase traveling in opposite directions. A node is a point on the string that oscillates with zero amplitude. An antinode is a point on the string that oscillates with maximum amplitude.

7. Standing waves with nodes at both ends

8. Harmonics

9. Speed of a wave on a string For a standing wave on a string, the speed has to be just right. The speed of any wave is The speed of a wave on a string depends on the tension and the linear density of the string

10. Guitar String A guitar string mostly vibrates with the fundamental standing wave (and a few harmonics added in with it; this is called superposition). The frequency of the fundamental depends on L, T, and the linear density of the string.

11. Poll How many nodes and antinodes does this standing wave have? 1.5 nodes, 4 antinodes 2.4 nodes, 4 antinodes 3.5 nodes, 5 antinodes 4.3 nodes, 2 antinodes 5.6 nodes, 5 antinodes

12. Poll If the length of the string is 2 m, what is the wavelength of the wave? 1.0.5 m 2.1.0 m 3.1.5 m 4.2.0 m 5.4.0 m

13. Poll What harmonic (N) is a standing wave with this shape? 1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5 5.6

14. Poll If you decrease the length of a guitar string by pressing on one of the frets with your finger, the frequency will 1.Increase 2.Decrease 3.Remain constant

15. Poll If you decrease the tension in the string by turning the key on the neck of the guitar, then the frequency will 1.Increase 2.Decrease 3.Remain constant

16. Poll The B string has a lower linear density than the A string on a six-string guitar. For which string, does the fundamental standing wave have the lowest frequency? 1.B string 2.A string 3.Neither, they vibrate with the same frequency.

17. Longitudinal Standing Wave

18. Displacement node is a pressure antinode

19. Boundary conditions: closed pipe

20. Boundary conditions: open pipe

21. Pipe closed at one end and open at the other end

22. Pipe open at both ends

23. Poll At the open end of a pipe, the is a node and the is an antinode. 1.pressure, displacement 2.displacement, pressure 3.None of the above; both displacement and pressure are nodes 4.None of the above; both displacement and pressure are antinodes.

24. Poll At the closed end of a pipe, the is a node and the is an antinode. 1.pressure, displacement 2.displacement, pressure 3.None of the above; both displacement and pressure are nodes 4.None of the above; both displacement and pressure are antinodes.

25. Poll What is the harmonic (N) for the standing wave shown below. 1.3 2.4 3.5 4.6 5.7

26. Poll What is the harmonic (N) for the standing wave shown below. 1.1 2.3 3.5 4.7 5.9