1. Early Jazz / Derived and influenced by African music in the slave culture. / Ragtime and Dixieland. / Started in New Orleans - seaport / Chicago and New York became big jazz cities for recording. / Much of the music was improvised. / Derived and influenced by African music in the slave culture. / Ragtime and Dixieland. / Started in New Orleans - seaport / Chicago and New York became big jazz cities for recording. / Much of the music was improvised.

2. Ragtime  Rags were first written for piano and later arranged for small groups.  Introduced accents in the right hand and syncopations throughout.  Still used today but not very often.  Rags that were orchestrated for various instrumental groups led to the development of Dixieland music.  Ragtime was not specifically jazz music but led to the creation of it.  Rags were first written for piano and later arranged for small groups.  Introduced accents in the right hand and syncopations throughout.  Still used today but not very often.  Rags that were orchestrated for various instrumental groups led to the development of Dixieland music.  Ragtime was not specifically jazz music but led to the creation of it.

3. Scott Joplin 1868-1917  Composer of piano rags.  One of the first to publish rags.  Met many other “ragtimers” but decided to concentrate on composing rather than performing with them.  Composer of piano rags.  One of the first to publish rags.  Met many other “ragtimers” but decided to concentrate on composing rather than performing with them.

4. Jelly Roll Morton 1890-1941  Pianist  First started in Brothels  Lot of recordings in 1923 and 24.  Played on West Coast from 1917-1922.  Had all performers solo.  Blamed his death on a voodoo spell.  Pianist  First started in Brothels  Lot of recordings in 1923 and 24.  Played on West Coast from 1917-1922.  Had all performers solo.  Blamed his death on a voodoo spell.

5. James P. Johnson 1894-1955  Made famous for his piano style known as stride piano, fast moving left hand.  Studied classical and ragtime piano.  Became known as the best piano player on the East Coast.  Has accompanied for over 400 recordings.  Stride piano smoothed the transition from ragtime to jazz and influenced piano styles much like Jelly Roll Morton’s playing.  Made famous for his piano style known as stride piano, fast moving left hand.  Studied classical and ragtime piano.  Became known as the best piano player on the East Coast.  Has accompanied for over 400 recordings.  Stride piano smoothed the transition from ragtime to jazz and influenced piano styles much like Jelly Roll Morton’s playing. Jim Hession playing Stride style piano

6. Dixieland  Several melodies played at the same time by trumpet, clarinet, and trombone. These were accompanied by combinations of piano, tuba, bass, banjo, guitar, and drums.  Major contributors to this style:  Jelly Roll Morton  Louis Armstrong  Nick LaRocca  Bix Beiderbecke  Several melodies played at the same time by trumpet, clarinet, and trombone. These were accompanied by combinations of piano, tuba, bass, banjo, guitar, and drums.  Major contributors to this style:  Jelly Roll Morton  Louis Armstrong  Nick LaRocca  Bix Beiderbecke

7. Early New Orleans Dixieland 1900-1917 RThese groups used coronet or trumpet, clarinet, and trombone in the front lines. RThe rhythm section was made up of a banjo, a tuba, and drums. RThis style was played with equal emphasis on each beat. Chicago style will later change that. RThese groups used coronet or trumpet, clarinet, and trombone in the front lines. RThe rhythm section was made up of a banjo, a tuba, and drums. RThis style was played with equal emphasis on each beat. Chicago style will later change that.

8. 1920s Chicago Style Dixieland »Exciting time in Chicago “Roaring 20s.” »Workers migrated from the south. »This style added saxophone and piano to N.O. style. »Created emphasis on beats 2 and 4 instead of all 4 beats. »Banjo exchanged for guitar and tuba for string bass. »Performed more aggressively. »Chicago was the center of jazz. »Louis Armstrong was very influential. »Chicago was where the first recordings took place.

9. Earl Hines 1903-1983 Jazz pianist who influenced piano styles in the 30s and 40s. Got his start by recording with Louis. His style was often called “brassy” because of the force he used to strike the keys. His style influenced Art Tatum and Count Basie.

10. Louis “Satchmo” Armstrong 1901-1971 “Father of Jazz” Most widely imitated jazz improviser before Charlie Parker. His solos played on 1927, 1928 recordings served as a model for the swing era. Appeared in about 50 movies. Father of Scat. Play Stardust

11. Why Louis is important One of the first great soloists in history. One of the first to refine rhythm: No stiffness like ragtime. Used swing eighth note patterns. Syncopated selected rhythmic figures. Today called “Jazz swing feeling.” Not many players come close to his talent. Always thought ahead in phrases while maintaining the feeling of spontaneity. One of the first great soloists in history. One of the first to refine rhythm: No stiffness like ragtime. Used swing eighth note patterns. Syncopated selected rhythmic figures. Today called “Jazz swing feeling.” Not many players come close to his talent. Always thought ahead in phrases while maintaining the feeling of spontaneity.

12. He added a great sense of drama to soloing with perfect use of dynamics and range with perfect timing. Frequently broke away from just melody embellishments and improvised original, melody like lines, that fit in the chord progressions. Popularized the N.O. trumpet style and extended it. Provided jazz with a collection of phrases and ways of constructing improvisations. He added a great sense of drama to soloing with perfect use of dynamics and range with perfect timing. Frequently broke away from just melody embellishments and improvised original, melody like lines, that fit in the chord progressions. Popularized the N.O. trumpet style and extended it. Provided jazz with a collection of phrases and ways of constructing improvisations.

13. His singing style influenced many famous singers such as: Billie Holiday Bing Crosby Popularized Scat singing Style of singing which includes improvisation and does not include any lyrics. His singing style influenced many famous singers such as: Billie Holiday Bing Crosby Popularized Scat singing Style of singing which includes improvisation and does not include any lyrics.

14. Swing and Big Band Era

15.  Began in the late 1920s into 1930s due to the less stiff, looser rhythmic feeling.  Most popular style in jazz history.  Swing Era is also called the Big Band Era because the size of swing bands was 10 or more.  Saxophones, bass, and high-hat cymbals became more common.  Collective improv was rare.  Smoother rhythmic feel than rags and dixieland.  Began in the late 1920s into 1930s due to the less stiff, looser rhythmic feeling.  Most popular style in jazz history.  Swing Era is also called the Big Band Era because the size of swing bands was 10 or more.  Saxophones, bass, and high-hat cymbals became more common.  Collective improv was rare.  Smoother rhythmic feel than rags and dixieland.

16.  3 categories of instruments:  Brass: trumpets, flugelhorns, and trombones.  2-5 trumpets (usually 3) with lead in the middle.  2-5 trombones (usually 3) with lead in the middle.  Saxophones/reed section: saxophones, clarinets, and flutes.  Sax players switch between saxes, clarinets, and flutes.  Rhythm Section: Piano, Bass, rhythm guitar, and drums.  Rhythm guitar faded out in the late 40s except for Basie’s band.  3 categories of instruments:  Brass: trumpets, flugelhorns, and trombones.  2-5 trumpets (usually 3) with lead in the middle.  2-5 trombones (usually 3) with lead in the middle.  Saxophones/reed section: saxophones, clarinets, and flutes.  Sax players switch between saxes, clarinets, and flutes.  Rhythm Section: Piano, Bass, rhythm guitar, and drums.  Rhythm guitar faded out in the late 40s except for Basie’s band.

17. Rhythm Section  Pianists played melody sometimes, Basie liked comping (playing accompanying chords as accents behind soloist), most used stride or chords every beat or every other.  Guitar and bass usually had timekeeping duties.  Bassists played in the background in two styles:  Two-beat style - played notes on the first and third beats out of every four.  Walking bass style - played on every beat.  Drummers made beat obvious for dancers with occasional dramatic effects.  Pianists played melody sometimes, Basie liked comping (playing accompanying chords as accents behind soloist), most used stride or chords every beat or every other.  Guitar and bass usually had timekeeping duties.  Bassists played in the background in two styles:  Two-beat style - played notes on the first and third beats out of every four.  Walking bass style - played on every beat.  Drummers made beat obvious for dancers with occasional dramatic effects.

18.  Larger bands demanded written arrangements. Musicians had to read and write music.  Some tunes made up and taught to members of the band but not many. These were called “Head Arrangements.”  Most arrangements were simple  Melodies played by entire band in unison or harmony.  Improv followed with accompaniment from rhythm section and riffs from other sections.  Melodies and accompaniment traded between sections.  Arrangements often contained themes and variations.  Call and response melodies and accompaniments were common.  Larger bands demanded written arrangements. Musicians had to read and write music.  Some tunes made up and taught to members of the band but not many. These were called “Head Arrangements.”  Most arrangements were simple  Melodies played by entire band in unison or harmony.  Improv followed with accompaniment from rhythm section and riffs from other sections.  Melodies and accompaniment traded between sections.  Arrangements often contained themes and variations.  Call and response melodies and accompaniments were common.

19.  Recordings were helping the popularity of jazz to spread until the stock market crash in 1929. RCA was only one left.  Big bands gained exposure through radio broadcasts. When recording returned, it only added the growing popularity of big bands and swing music.  Certain jazz musicians were known in this era much like rock stars are known to us.  Big bands used showy costumes and stage settings.  They sometimes traveled with 6 singers at a time.  Recordings were helping the popularity of jazz to spread until the stock market crash in 1929. RCA was only one left.  Big bands gained exposure through radio broadcasts. When recording returned, it only added the growing popularity of big bands and swing music.  Certain jazz musicians were known in this era much like rock stars are known to us.  Big bands used showy costumes and stage settings.  They sometimes traveled with 6 singers at a time.

20. Coleman Hawkins (1904-1969) First important jazz tenor saxophonist. Sax was considered a novelty before his style brought recognition to it. Deep, husky tone became model and made tenor sax one of the most popular instrument in jazz. Loved to play over complex chord progressions. Harmonic improviser

21. Count Basie (1904-1984)

22.  Most swinging band.  Originally a stride style pianist.  Began as a drummer.  Unique touch of the piano:  Choice of notes near perfect  Sense of time was equal to a good drummer’s  Very light and precise  Led a big band from 1937 til death.  Most swinging band.  Originally a stride style pianist.  Began as a drummer.  Unique touch of the piano:  Choice of notes near perfect  Sense of time was equal to a good drummer’s  Very light and precise  Led a big band from 1937 til death.

23.  Led the first rhythm section in history that consistently swung in a smooth, relaxed way.  Excellent sense of tempo  Ability to keep time and swing consistently w/out using hard approach  Quiet, relaxed playing  Even stress on each beat  Emphasis on buoyancy rather than intensity  No rhythm section member stuck out, blended well.  Led the first rhythm section in history that consistently swung in a smooth, relaxed way.  Excellent sense of tempo  Ability to keep time and swing consistently w/out using hard approach  Quiet, relaxed playing  Even stress on each beat  Emphasis on buoyancy rather than intensity  No rhythm section member stuck out, blended well.

24.  Piano - Count Basie  Rhythm Guitar - Freddie Green 1911-87  String Bass - Walter Page 1900-57  Drums - Jo Jones 1911-85  Famous for sharp and lively comping  Most used model for comping  Comping is playing accompanying chords as accents behind the soloist  Pianist must listen and play interactively  Piano - Count Basie  Rhythm Guitar - Freddie Green 1911-87  String Bass - Walter Page 1900-57  Drums - Jo Jones 1911-85  Famous for sharp and lively comping  Most used model for comping  Comping is playing accompanying chords as accents behind the soloist  Pianist must listen and play interactively

25.  Basie’s specialty style was Kansas City Style:  Lighter and more relaxed  Arrangements based on riffs  Head arrangements - memorized  Lester Young (1909-1959)  “Prez”  Basie’s most notable soloist  Style served as model - “cool jazz”  One of the five most influential saxes  Paved the way for modern tone color, vibrato, rhythmic conception, and phrasing.  Musical storyteller  Basie’s specialty style was Kansas City Style:  Lighter and more relaxed  Arrangements based on riffs  Head arrangements - memorized  Lester Young (1909-1959)  “Prez”  Basie’s most notable soloist  Style served as model - “cool jazz”  One of the five most influential saxes  Paved the way for modern tone color, vibrato, rhythmic conception, and phrasing.  Musical storyteller

26. Roy Eldridge (1911-1959) One of the most advanced/daring improvisers of Swing Era. Link between Swing and modern jazz. Played sax-like lines - swooping. Often used upper register. Influenced modern trumpeters to use greater instrumental facility. Played in Gene Krupa’s big band.

27. Art Tatum (1910-1956) One of the most widely admired pianists. Partially blind and self- taught. Combined styles. Long, fast runs with odd rhythm combos. Advanced knowledge of chords structures. Chord substitution. Influenced Charlie Parker. Play Danny Boy

28. Billie Holiday (1915-1959) One of the greatest singers in Swing Era. Troubled childhood created raw emotion brought forth in her singing. Combination of swinging, blues, delicate sound. Stretched the musical phrases to fit feelings. “Strange Fruit” Great American Songbook Play Just One