1. The neutron radius of 208 Pb and neutron star structure. http://www.astro.cornell.edu/~shami/guitar/ guitar nebula, neutron star bow wave

2. Outline The big picture Neutrons in nuclei Neutron stars and nuclear matter Conclusion

3. Phase diagram of water The state of matter depends on pressure, temperature, and density.

4. New phases of matter We see in the case of water that new phases of matter appear at pressures far from our normal experience, for example, Ice XI at 1 million atmospheres. What would happen to matter if we could continue to crush it under high pressure? What is the phase diagram of matter under extreme conditions?

5. World map in 1532 Typus Cosmographicus Universalis, S. Grynaeus/H. Hoblein/S. Münster,

6. Danger in new territories! What we don’t know for a fact we can compensate for by imagination.

7. Physical properties of systems containing nuclear matter ObjectMass(g)R(km)r S (km)Density( g/cm 3) neutron star 4 x 10 33 1065 x 10 14 white dwarf 2 x 10 33 540033 x 10 6 Sun2 x 10 33 7 x 10 5 31.4 avg, 160 in core Jupiter2 x 10 30 7 x 10 4 3 x 10 -3 1.3 Earth6 x 10 27 6 x 10 3 9 x 10 -6 5.5 Lead nucleus 3.5 x 10 -22 6 x 10 -18 2.6 x 10 -55 3 x 10 14

8. Phase diagram of nuclear matter

9. Nuclei and Neutron Stars Nuclei are the central cores of atoms. Almost all the visible mass in the universe is in protons and nuclei. Neutron stars are the collapsed iron cores of massive stars ( stars with masses greater than 8 solar masses). These stars no longer generate energy internally by nuclear fusion, although they can be the sites of huge bursts of energy.

10. Equation of state (eos) connects nuclear physics and neutron stars

11. Interactions affect the EOS

12. Measuring matter in small boxes We measure the angle of scatter,  of high energy electrons ( E > 1 GeV) from nuclei. R~ 5.5 x 10 -13 cm,  R ~ 0.2 F/ P   F = 10 -13 cm P  = photon momentum in GeV

13. Electron Scattering gives very precise information on charge distributions in the nucleus

14. The neutron distribution is not so well known as the proton. Photons couple poorly to neutral neutrons compared to the charged protons. However, electrons interact with nucleons via the weak interaction too. The Z 0 boson of the weak interaction interacts several times more strongly with neutrons than with protons. Weak interaction scattering is a tough experimental challenge.

15. R n – R p for two different theories of the nuclear mean field

16. Look for helicity asymmetry in electron scattering

17. Helicity dependent Scattering Asymmetry for Polarized Electrons

18. Aerial View of JLab Accelerator

19. Hall A Spectrometers

20. High Power Cryogenic Lead Target Built and tested at CSLA

21. High rate integrating detector

22. What keeps a star stable?

23. Formation of Neutron stars

24. Quantum Ideal Gas

25. Final state of a massive neutron star

26. A 12 km radius neutron star in Los Angeles

27. Complementary Laboratories

28. Nuclear parameter dependence of N-star radius calculations

29. Neutron Star Structure

30. Some statistics of n-stars More than 1100 n-stars have been detected, primarily as pulsars The masses tend to center about 1.4 solar masses and the limits expected are 0.2<M<3. solar masses but the creation mechanism may fix the mass at ~ 1.4 M sun Radius determinations are difficult and controversial; in the 7 to 15 km range Reliable measurements of M and R would place severe restraints on the EOS Pulsars have high velocities, avg 450 km/s indicating an asymmetrical core collapse

31. Are there areas of the phase diagram that have never been populated in the history of the Universe?