1. The Invention of the office Skyscraper

2. Marshall Fields Warehouse Chicago, Illinois, 1885-1887 Henry Hobson Richardson dies on April 27, 1886 at age 47 of Bright's disease.

3. Tall Buildings Pre-Civil War context –Mostly buildings of 2-5 stories –Balloon framing dominant for domestic architecture –Monumental buildings of brick or stone –Lack of large private businesses Post-Civil War context Increasing use of wrought iron facades Impetus for taller buildings Symbolic of “rising” power of corporate businesses Symbolic of massive business and wealth Symbolic of integration between business and art/culture Symbolic of community aspirations and municipal pride

5. Changing Technology Need for space Telephones, telegraphs, electricity New technological developments –Industrial strength plate glass—John Ford, 1865 –Safety elevators- Elisha Otis –Structural system doesn’t require thick exterior walls. Pier and Spandrel –Fire proofing

6. Pier and Spandrel Construction

7. Terra cotta—new uses for an ancient material Terra cotta is made of clay, water, and previously fired products (grog). The mixture is forced into a mold, or extruded, dried and fired. The product can be used without covering, or glazed for a weather-proof surface. Because of the transportation costs, terra cotta firms were established near the location of suitable clay beds. A number of firms began in northern Illinois just prior to the fire of 1871. Northwestern Terra Cotta Co. Founded in Chicago in 1878, this company became a major producer of terra cotta trimmings used by the construction industry.

8. The Chicago School, 1890-1920 Architects –William Le Baron Jenney (architect & engineer) –Daniel Burnham (architect) and John W. Root (engineer) –Louis Sullivan (architect) and Dankmar Adler (engineer) –William Holabird (engineer) and Martin Roche (architect) Design Principles “Form follows function” Structural rationalism (Base, shaft, and capital) Individual levels are large open spaces for different uses. Decorative elements are complex but not proportional. Construction innovation: Terra cotta panels, “Chicago window”, Projecting eaves

9. Home Insurance Building Chicago, 1883-85 Wm. Le Baron Jenney

10. Monadnock Building, Chicago 1884-92, Burnham & Root Marquette Building, Chicago 1893-94, Holabird and Roche

11. Reliance Building, Chicago 1889-95, Burnham and Root

12. Reliance Building, terra cotta covers of piers and spandrels

13. Curtain walls

14. Chicago Auditorium, 1886-90 Adler and Sullivan

15. Louis Sullivan’s “Theory of Ornament”

16. Wainwright ornament

17. Wainwright Building, St. Louis, Missouri, 1890-91 Adler and Sullivan Light well with skylight

18. Carson, Pirie, Scott & Company Store, Chicago, 1891- 1904 Chicago window

19. Guaranty Building, Buffalo, NY 1895

20. Bayard Building, NYC, 1897-99

21. National Farmer’s Bank Owatonna, Minnesota, 1907-08