1. THE FLAVIANS – Rome’s First Family 69-96AD VespasianTitusDomitian Achievements: Brought stability to Rome after the disastrous reign of Nero and the following ‘Year of 4 Emperors’ Built the Colosseum and other public works Unfortunately, Domitian was a megalomaniac

3. THE COLOSSEUM (FLAVIAN AMPHITHEATRE) Date: 70-82AD Flavian: After the family of Emperors that built it. Colosseum: After neighbouring statue of Nero (‘The Colossus’) Location: * Rome, on the former site of Nero’s private lake * Chosen to show Flavians were Emperors ‘for the people’, by using Emperor’s land for public facility. Preparation of the site: Draining lake – deep foundations could be dug and water supply used for flooding arena for naval battles Height: 48.5m Capacity: 50,000-70,000 spectators Materials: Travertine foundations, façade and stairways, concrete sub-structure, marble (to 3 rd level) and wood (4 th level) seating.

4. THE FLAVIANS’ CONTRIBUTIONS Vespasian: Responsible for design most of construction Titus: Finished the Colosseum and held 100 days of Games to celebrate Domitian: Added high wall for fourth level.

5. THE COLOSSEUM - EXTERIOR

6. 80 entrances – ‘tickets’ would have number of entrance and seat on them Arches on 2 nd and 3 rd levels decorated with statues Poles to hold ropes for velarium (awning)

8. 4 TH LEVEL: Corinthian pilasters (rectangular engaged columns) THE EXTERIOR FACADE 3 rd LEVEL: Engaged Corinthian Columns 2 nd LEVEL: Engaged Ionic Columns 1 st LEVEL: Engaged Doric columns

10. Fourth floor had just one corridor in the form of a colonnaded gallery. Pier bases were 2 cubic metres thick. Radial barrel-vaulted corridors to seating Bollards around buildings held ropes supporting the internal awning. Two sets of circular barrel-vaulted corridors on the first three levels ELEMENTS IN CONSTRUCTION (Right Side and Below)

11. Exterior

12. THE COLOSSEUM - INTERIOR

16. The sub-structure under the arena floor – a system of passages that allowed trainers to move ‘performers’ to points of entry. Once in position, hidden gangplanks and pulleys allowed entry to the arena floor at different points. Arena floor was made of wood and covered with sand.

17. Interior

18. Velarium provided shade or rain protection

20. 5m wall to separate classes of seating Circular barrel- vaults Entrances from vomitoria (corridors under seating) Colonnaded gallery

22. ASSISTING THE TRAFFIC FLOW The circular barrel-vaulted corridors were both strong weight-bearers and enhanced mobility 76 of the exterior archways were public entranceways - formed radial corridors to stairways and seating. Also extra strong. This is a barrel-vaulted ceiling

25. 4 th LEVEL: colonnaded gallery with standing room. Wooden seats for women underneath. 3 rd LEVEL: Marble seating – ordinary citizens/ plebians 2 nd LEVEL: Marble seating. ‘Knights’ / Upper Classes 1 st LEVEL: Imperial family, Vestal Virgins and Senators THE SEATING AND ROMAN SOCIETY

27. What fun is it for a civilised person to watch either a helpless man being torn apart by a powerful animal, or some magnificent beast to be stabbed over and over with a spear? Even if this was something to behold, you’ve seen it often enough already, and I, who was watching there, saw nothing new. The last day was for the elephants. The huge crowd was genuinely impressed, but didn’t really enjoy it much.” - Cicero, Letters to his friends

28. Homework Exercise “How does the form (design) of the Colosseum reflect its function?” Answer on a piece of paper using the same layout as your booklet did for the theatre of Leptis Magnus. Points to cover: Entertainment features Access for spectators Seating for all classes Designed for strength