1. ADVANCING VOCABULARY SKILLS Fourth Edition Sherrie L. Nist © 2010 Townsend Press

2. Unit Two: Chapter 8 attrition oblivious circumvent reticent cohesive robust grievous sanction inundatevociferous

3. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 1 attrition Attrition means A. an increase in numbers. B. a natural loss of individuals. C. ill health. – noun Sports teams are constantly looking for new talent to replace players lost through attrition—those who retire, quit because of injuries, and so on. Colleges try not to have a high rate of attrition. They want students to stay until graduation, rather than drop out early.

4. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 1 attrition Attrition means A. an increase in numbers. B. a natural loss of individuals. C. ill health. – noun Sports teams are constantly looking for new talent to replace players lost through attrition—those who retire, quit because of injuries, and so on. Colleges try not to have a high rate of attrition. They want students to stay until graduation, rather than drop out early. Retiring and quitting because of injuries are two examples of a natural loss of individuals from sports teams. In the second item, the words drop out early suggest that attrition means “a natural loss of individuals.”

5. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 2 circumvent – verb Circumvent means A. to avoid. B. to meet head-on. C. to make smaller. If we take this roundabout route, we can circumvent the rush- hour traffic and get home early. I had to swerve to the right to circumvent a huge pothole.

6. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 2 circumvent – verb Circumvent means A. to avoid. B. to meet head-on. C. to make smaller. If we take this roundabout route, we can circumvent the rush- hour traffic and get home early. I had to swerve to the right to circumvent a huge pothole. Taking a roundabout route would be a way to avoid the rush-hour traffic. Swerving would be a way to avoid hitting a pothole.

7. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 3 cohesive For a cohesive pie dough, one that doesn’t fall apart, be sure to add enough liquid. A family needs to be cohesive—to stay together even when stresses and strains threaten to tear it apart. – adjective Cohesive means A. connected. B. popular. C. large.

8. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. 3 cohesive For a cohesive pie dough, one that doesn’t fall apart, be sure to add enough liquid. A family needs to be cohesive—to stay together even when stresses and strains threaten to tear it apart. – adjective Cohesive means A. connected. B. popular. C. large. A pie dough that doesn’t fall apart is one that is connected or sticks together. In the second item, the words stay together suggest that cohesive means “connected.”

9. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT The death of a beloved pet is a grievous loss for a child. The assassination of a great leader, such as Mahatma Gandhi or Martin Luther King, Jr., often does grievous harm to a society. 4 grievous Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. Grievous means A. preventable. B. unavoidable. C. terrible. – adjective

10. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT The death of a beloved pet is a grievous loss for a child. The assassination of a great leader, such as Mahatma Gandhi or Martin Luther King, Jr., often does grievous harm to a society. 4 grievous Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. Grievous means A. preventable. B. unavoidable. C. terrible. – adjective The death of a beloved pet is a terrible loss. The assassination of a great leader can do terrible harm to a society.

11. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. Inundate means A. to flood. B. to strengthen. C. to go around. 5 inundate – verb During the heavy rains, the river overflowed and inundated the fields,destroying all the crops. After his brief announcement at the beginning of the press conference, the President was inundated with questions from reporters. “I’m so inundated with paperwork that I can’t even find my desk!”

12. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. Inundate means A. to flood. B. to strengthen. C. to go around. 5 inundate – verb During the heavy rains, the river overflowed and inundated the fields, destroying all the crops. After his brief announcement at the beginning of the press conference, the President was inundated with questions from reporters. If the river overflowed, it would flood the surrounding fields. Reporters at a press conference tend to flood the President with questions. “I’m so inundated with paperwork that I can’t even find my desk!”

13. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. Oblivious means A. angry about. B. not noticing. C. overwhelmed by. The driver continued into the intersection, apparently oblivious to the fact that the light had turned red. It’s easy to spot two people in love. They are the ones who, oblivious to everyone else present, see only each other. 6 oblivious – adjective

14. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. Oblivious means A. angry about. B. not noticing. C. overwhelmed by. The driver continued into the intersection, apparently oblivious to the fact that the light had turned red. It’s easy to spot two people in love. They are the ones who, oblivious to everyone else present, see only each other. 6 oblivious – adjective Since the drive went through the red light, he seems not to have noticed the light. If the two people see only each other, they are not noticing the other people around them.

15. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. Reticent means A. dishonest. B. quiet. C. unaware. Lamar is very reticent about his first marriage; he never talks about his former wife or what led to their divorce. It’s odd that many people who love to gossip about someone else are so reticent about their own lives. 7 reticent – adjective

16. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. Reticent means A. dishonest. B. quiet. C. unaware. Lamar is very reticent about his first marriage; he never talks about his former wife or what led to their divorce. It’s odd that many people who love to gossip about someone else are so reticent about their own lives. 7 reticent – adjective The words never talks about suggest that Lamar is quiet about his first marriage. In the second item, gossiping about others is contrasted with being quiet about their own lives.

17. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. Robust means A. very noisy. B. sickly. C. strong and well. Once an energetic, robust man, Mr. Rand has been considerably weakened by illness. A number of weightlifters who were previously robust have ruined their health and vigor by taking steroids. 8 robust – adjective

18. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. Robust means A. very noisy. B. sickly. C. strong and well. Once an energetic, robust man, Mr. Rand has been considerably weakened by illness. A number of weightlifters who were previously robust have ruined their health and vigor by taking steroids. 8 robust – adjective In contrast with being weakened by illness, Mr. Rand used to be energetic, strong, and well. If the weightlifters have ruined their health and vigor, they must have previously been strong and well.

19. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. Sanction means A. to grant approval of. B. to criticize severely. C. to remember. By greeting the dictator with extreme courtesy and fanfare, the ambassador seemed to sanction his policies. Many people whose children attend religious schools would like the government to sanction the use of public funds to help pay for their education. 9 sanction – verb

20. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. Sanction means A. to grant approval of. B. to criticize severely. C. to remember. By greeting the dictator with extreme courtesy and fanfare, the ambassador seemed to sanction his policies. Many people whose children attend religious schools would like the government to sanction the use of public funds to help pay for their education. 9 sanction – verb Since the ambassador was so extreme in his greeting, he seemed as if he was granting approval of the dictator’s policies. Parents of children in religious schools would like the government to grant approval of the use of public funds to support those schools.

21. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. Vociferous means A. distant. B. mild. C. loud. 10 vociferous When male loons sense that their territory is being invaded, they give vociferous cries of challenge. The principal became angry and vociferous, shouting at students who tried to sneak out of the fire drill. – adjective

22. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word. Vociferous means A. distant. B. mild. C. loud. 10 vociferous When male loons sense that their territory is being invaded, they give vociferous cries of challenge. The principal became angry and vociferous, shouting at students who tried to sneak out of the fire drill. – adjective In order to protect his territory, the male loon challenges an intruder with loud cries. If the principal shouted at the students, he became loud.

23. SENTENCE CHECK 1 1.The chatty, slow-moving clerk at the checkout counter seemed __________ to the fact that the line of impatient customers was growing longer and longer. 2.A quiet, polite discussion may be better than a(n) _______ argument, but some people get more satisfaction out of yelling and shouting. Complete each item with the correct word from the box. A. attritionB. circumventC. cohesiveD. grievousE.inundate F. obliviousG. reticentH. robustI. sanctionJ. vociferous

24. SENTENCE CHECK 1 1.The chatty, slow-moving clerk at the checkout counter seemed __________ to the fact that the line of impatient customers was growing longer and longer. 2.A quiet, polite discussion may be better than a __________ argument, but some people get more satisfaction out of yelling and shouting. Complete each item with the correct word from the box. A. attritionB. circumventC. cohesiveD. grievousE.inundate F. obliviousG. reticentH. robustI. sanctionJ. vociferous The clerk seems to be unaware that the line of customers is growing. A quiet polite discussion is contrasted with a noisy argument. oblivious vociferous

25. 3.In many places, the law doesn’t __________ gambling— but the officials don’t do much to stop it, either. SENTENCE CHECK 1 4.A half-hour of aerobic exercise every other day will help you stay __________. 5.People sometimes do odd things to __________ regulations. In New York, when saloons were illegal, one owner called his place “O’Neal’s Baloon.” Complete each item with the correct word from the box. A. attritionB. circumventC. cohesiveD. grievousE.inundate F. obliviousG. reticentH. robustI. sanctionJ. vociferous

26. 3.In many places, the law doesn’t __________ gambling— but the officials don’t do much to stop it, either. SENTENCE CHECK 1 4.A half-hour of aerobic exercise every other day will help you stay __________. 5.People sometimes do odd things to __________ regulations. In New York, when saloons were illegal, one owner called his place “O’Neal’s Baloon.” Complete each item with the correct word from the box. A. attritionB. circumventC. cohesiveD. grievousE.inundate F. obliviousG. reticentH. robustI. sanctionJ. vociferous sanction robust circumvent In many places, the law doesn’t allow gambling. Aerobic exercise will help you stay healthy and strong. Calling a saloon a “baloon” was a way to go around the law.

27. 6.If you want your essay to be _________, stick to your point. SENTENCE CHECK 1 7.Alzheimer’s disease is a disaster for the patient and a(n) _________ burden for the family. Complete each item with the correct word from the box. A. attritionB. circumventC. cohesiveD. grievousE.inundate F. obliviousG. reticentH. robustI. sanctionJ. vociferous

28. 6.If you want your essay to be _________, stick to your point. SENTENCE CHECK 1 7.Alzheimer’s disease is a disaster for the patient and a _________ burden for the family. Complete each item with the correct word from the box. A. attritionB. circumventC. cohesiveD. grievousE.inundate F. obliviousG. reticentH. robustI. sanctionJ. vociferous You have to stick to your point to make your essay unified. Alzheimer’s disease is a terrible burden for the family of the patient. cohesive grievous

29. 9.The cutting down of the rain forests has caused a dangerous rate of _________ among species that live in those forests. 8.Some days we’re ________(e)d with junk e-mail—it can take an hour to delete all the unwanted messages. SENTENCE CHECK 1 Complete each item with the correct word from the box. A. attritionB. circumventC. cohesiveD. grievousE.inundate F. obliviousG. reticentH. robustI. sanctionJ. vociferous 10. Some people who could benefit from counseling avoid seeing a therapist because they prefer to be _________ about private matters.

30. 9.The cutting down of the rain forests has caused a dangerous rate of _________ among species that live in those forests. 10. Some people who could benefit from counseling avoid seeing a therapist because they prefer to be _________ about private matters. 8.Some days we’re ___________ with junk e-mail—it can take an hour to delete all the unwanted messages. SENTENCE CHECK 1 Complete each item with the correct word from the box. A. attritionB. circumventC. cohesiveD. grievousE.inundate F. obliviousG. reticentH. robustI. sanctionJ. vociferous inundated attrition reticent Since it takes an hour to delete the junk e-mail, they must be flooded with it. Cutting down the rain forests would cause a decrease in the number of species that live in those forests. People who avoid counseling may be reluctant to speak about private matters.