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Introductory Overview Of Proposition 36
Hello, I’m Michelle Lauron, Deputy District Attorney, Staff Development, Special Units Division. There are numerous changes as a result of the passage of Proposition 36. The new law will change the way prosecutors file cases and drastically change the way prosecutors settle cases. Because the law is also retroactive, it has a provision to allow inmates that are eligible under the provisions of Prop. 36 to petition the original sentencing court to resentence him/her under the provisions of Prop. 36. Those hearings will call for evidence and documentation to be presented in a way that is similar to a Lifer Hearing. If the petition is granted, the courts will have to go through the mechanisms to sentence the defendant all over again. As the weeks and months progress, we expect that the information about how to implement this law will evolve. Should you have any questions about any aspect of Proposition 36, please feel free to contact your supervisors, the Staff Development unit, SDDA Michael Dowd or DDA Jennifer Dawson. DDA Michelle Lauron, Staff Development, Special Units Division SDDA Michael Dowd, Central Division DDA Jennifer Dawson, Lifer/Parole Unit, Special Units Division
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About this training 3 parts
Overview of the changes in the law (Lauron) How to conduct the hearings that will be required as a result of the new law (Dawson) How to resentence and deal with the legal issues related to resentencing (Dowd) This training will be separated into 3 sections. I will cover the overview of the changes in the law and the highlights of Proposition 36. DDA Jennifer Dawson will discuss the more specific nuts and bolts of the hearings. She will discuss 1. What evidence you put on in the hearing. 2. How you obtain some of the evidence AND 3. What the court MAY consider in its determination. If after the Prop. 36 Hearing the court grants defendant’s petition for resentencing, the hearing will become a sentencing hearing. SDDA Michael Dowd will discuss the issues and considerations to be addressed at these resentencing hearings.
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Overview of Proposition 36 law
DDA Michelle Lauron So let’s discuss the overview of the Proposition 36 law.
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Three Strikes Law (as we know it)
“Strike Offense” a serious or violent felony as enumerated in Penal Code sections (c), and 667.5(c) and any out of state felony with same elements as qualifying prior serious/violent felony conviction in CA 2 strikes case any new felony + prior conviction for serious/violent felony Penalty = mitigated/middle/aggravated term doubled 3 strikes case any new felony + 2 or more prior convictions for serious/violent felonies Three times the term provided for each new felony OR 25 years in state prison Before I discuss the changes, I want to clarify a baseline understanding of what we know the Three Strikes law to be. When we discuss a “strike offense” we know this to be a serious or violent felony as enumerated in Penal Code Sections (c), and 667.5(c). Included in the list of offenses we treat as a “strike offense” are those out of state felony convictions where the elements of those crimes are the same as the elements of a serious/violent felony conviction in CA. When we refer to a case as a “2 strike case” this means the defendant has any new felony (strike or not) PLUS a prior conviction for a serious/violent felony. The penalty for a 2 strike case is double the base term. When we refer to a case as a “3 strikes case” this means the defendant has any new felony (strike or not) PLUS 2 or more prior convictions for serious/violent felonies. The punishment for a “3 strikes case” is either 3 times the base term provided for each new felony or a term of 25 years to life in imprisonment, whichever is greater.
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What Prop. 36 Does NOT Change:
The nature of a strike prior or the types of felonies that qualify as strikes The custody-credit regimen How a case with one prior strike (“2 strike” case) is handled The fact that there is no washout period for a strike Let’s first discuss what Prop. 36 DOES NOT change: Prop. 36 does NOT change: The nature of a strike prior or the types of felonies that qualify as strikes. Prop. 36 does NOT change: The custody-credit regimen Prop. 36 does NOT change: How a case with one prior strike ( or “2 strike” case) is handled Prop. 36 does NOT change: The fact that there is no washout period for a strike
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What Prop. 36 Does NOT Change:
If a defendant with two or more prior strikes is convicted of a new serious/violent felony, he/she will be sentenced the same as under the Three Strikes law prior to Prop. 36 A prosecutors discretion to dismiss/ strike a prior “strike” allegation The courts discretion to dismiss/ strike a prior “strike” allegation (What Prop. 36 DOES NOT change:) Prop. 36 does NOT change the law in the scenario where a defendant with two or more prior strikes is convicted of a new serious/violent felony, he/she will be sentenced the same as under the Three Strikes law prior to the passage Prop. 36 Prop. 36 does NOT change: A prosecutors discretion to dismiss/ strike a prior “strike” allegation Prop. 36 does NOT change: The courts discretion to dismiss/ strike a prior “strike” allegation
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Prop. 36 Changes Defendant with two or more prior strike convictions who is currently charged with a non serious/violent felony Treated as if he/she only had one strike Regardless of the number of prior strikes defendant has 2 EXCEPTIONS TO THIS LAW: 1. There is a list of enumerated non strike felonies excluded from this change in the law and those cases can still qualify for Three Strike Law penalties in PC 667(e)(2)(C) and (c)(2)(C) 2. IF a defendant has an enumerated strike conviction that would exclude a defendant from this change in the law. PC 667(e)(2)(C) and (c)(2)(C) On of the main changes brought about because of Prop. 36 is that a Defendant with two or more prior strike convictions who is currently charged with a non serious/violent felony will be Treated as if he/she only had one strike…..Regardless of the number of prior strikes defendant has. There are 2 exceptions to this new law: There is a list of enumerated non strike felonies excluded from this change in the law and those cases can still qualify for Three Strike Law penalties. (PC 667(e)(2)(C) and (c)(2)(C)) IF a defendant has an enumerated strike conviction that would exclude a defendant from this change in the law. PC 667(e)(2)(C) and (c)(2)(C)
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Prop. 36 Changes New law applies prospectively
This law takes effect on November 7, 2012 It applies to all cases still pending even if filed before November 7, 2012 New law applies retroactively This law applies to all prior cases where the defendant has been convicted under the Three Strikes law as a 3rd strike case where the committing offense was not a serious/violent felony Note: All references to “serious” or “violent” felonies are to statutes as they existed on November 7, (PC 667(h), ) Read slide
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Exclusions from Prop. 36 Changes
If the current (non serious/violent felony) charge/committing offense is one of the enumerated felonies listed in PC 667(e)(2)(C)(i)-(iii) and/or (c)(2)(C)(i)-(iii) and defendant has two or more strikes pled/proven, that defendant will still be sentenced in the same manner as under the current Three Strikes law prior to Prop. 36. Regarding the Exclusions from Prop. 36 changes If the current (non serious/violent felony) charge/committing offense is one of the enumerated felonies listed in PC 667(e)(2)(C)(i)-(iii) and (c)(2)(C)(i)-(iii) AND has two or more strikes pled/proven……then the case will still be sentenced in the same manner as under the Three Strikes law prior to the passage of Prop. 36.
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PC 667(E)(2)(C) and 1170.12(c)(2)(C) EXCLUSIONS
Drug charge with a weight enhancement pursuant to Health and Safety Code sections or Felony sex offense defined in PC 261.5(d) or 262 or any offense that results in mandatory registration as a sex offender pursuant to PC 290(c) except: PC 266, PC 285, PC 286(b)(1), PC286(e), PC 288a(b)(1), PC 288a(e), PC 314, PC If during the commission of the current offense, the defendant used/armed with a firearm, was armed with a deadly weapon or intended to cause GBI Those exclusions include: (read slide) EXCEPTIONS UNDER PC 290: -Enticing an unmarried female under 18 years old for prostitution or to have illicit sexual intercourse; • Incest; • Sodomy with a person under 18 years old; • Sodomy while in state prison; • Oral copulation with a person under 18 years old; • Oral copulation while in state prison; • Indecent exposure; or • Possession of material depicting a child under 18 years old engaging in or simulating sexual conduct. (at the end) What this means is that if the new or the committing offense is a non strike felony but it is one of the enumerated felonies in this list, the case will still be treated as a “3 strike case”
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Exclusions from Prop. 36 Changes
There are 10 classes of strike convictions that will subject a defendant to the current Three Strikes law EVEN IF the current felony is a non serious/violent felony This applies to current cases This applies to adjudicated cases They are enumerated in PC 667(e)(2)(C)(iv)(I)-(VIII)and/or (c)(2)(C)(iv)(I)-(VIII) Read slide This applies to adjudicated cases …where the defendant may try and petition for Prop. 36 relief. These exclusions are enumerated in PC 667(e) and (c)
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Strike Convictions Excluded from Prop
Strike Convictions Excluded from Prop. 36 changes PC 667(e)(2)(C) and/or (c)(2)(C) Any sexually violent offense defined by W&I section 6600(a) Oral copulation, child under 14 years old and more than 10 years younger than defendant PC 288a Sodomy, child 14 years old and more than 10 years younger than the defendant PC 286 Sexual penetration, child under 14 years old and more than 10 years younger than the defendant PC 289 A lewd and lascivious act involving a child under 14 years of age PC 288 Any homicide offense, including attempted homicide PC 187-PC (this does not include manslaughter as defined in PC 192) Solicitation to commit murder PC 653f Assault with a machine gun on a peace officer or fire fighter PC 245(d)(3) Possession of a weapon of mass destruction PC 11418(a)(1) Any serious or violent felony punishable in California by life imprisonment or death. (Read slide then…) What this means is that if there is a 3 strikes case where the new felony or the committing offense is a non strike offense but one of the prior strike convictions is one of the strikes enumerated on the list, then the case will still be sentenced in the same manner as under the Three Strikes law prior to the passage of Prop. 36.
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Prop. 36 Changes PC (a)(8) that makes it mandatory to impose consecutive sentences to other sentences a defendant is already serving is NOW REMOVED from the statute While there is no requirement for mandatory consecutive sentences to other sentences the defendant is serving: Under PC (a)(7) and rule 4.425, DA can still argue for consecutive sentences It is no longer mandatory, but discretionary Another change in the law brought about by Prop. 36 is that under PC 1170…..(read slide)
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Prop. 36 Applies Retroactively
Defendants currently serving an indeterminate Three Strikes sentence in state prison have two years to petition the sentencing court to resentence them under the new law. Later than two years upon showing of good cause Court will have to determine if the defendant is eligible for resentencing. As mentioned earlier, Prop. 36 applies retroactively. What this means is that….(read slide) They may petition after the 2 year period upon showing of good cause for the delay. (Read slide)
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An Inmate is Eligible for resentencing if…
Inmate is serving an indeterminate term of life imprisonment imposed pursuant to PC 667(e)(2) or (c) (Three Strikes Law) The committing offense was not a serious/violent felony NOTE: if the committing offense was not a strike at the initial sentencing but has now been designated a strike offense, the defendant is not eligible to be resentenced PC667(h) and PC indicate that the references to the laws in the statute are to those as they existed on the effective date of the act, November 7, 2012 The committing offense was not enumerated in PC 667(e)(2)(C) and/or (c)(2)(C) (exceptions) Neither of the prior strikes are one of the 10 enumerated in PC 667(e)(2)(C) and/or (c)(2)(C) (exceptions) “as mentioned previously”
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If the Inmate is Eligible
Upon receipt of a petition from the defendant requesting resentencing The court SHALL resentence the defendant/petitioner as if he only had 1 prior strike (2 strike case) UNLESS the court determines resentencing the defendant/petitioner will pose an unreasonable risk of danger to the public safety This is discretionary
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In Exercising it’s Discretion
The court may consider: The Petitioner’s criminal conviction history, types of crimes he committed, the extent of injury to victims, the length of prior prison commitments, and the remoteness of the crimes The petitioner’s disciplinary record and record of rehabilitation while incarcerated; and Any other evidence the court, within its discretion, determines to be relevant in deciding whether a new sentence would result in an unreasonable risk of danger to public safety
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Procedure for San Bernardino County District Attorney’s Office
Petitions will be directed to a Supervising DDA in each office SDDA will make the initial determination of eligibility Upon consultation with the Division Chief DDA, SDDA will determine which petitions to contest SDDA will start the process of ordering needed documentation and assign the case to a DDA for preparation and handling of the hearing
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Of Import Prop. 36 contemplates an eligibility evaluation and resentencing hearing Prop. 36 Petitions should NOT be handled as an “add on” to a regular calendar but should follow the procedure outlined While the petition is pending Defendant is still a life prisoner He is NOT exceeding the maximum commitment time He is NOT entitled to bail or OR pending any continuances until resentencing actually occurs There are Constitutional Marsy’s Law considerations to be made prior to determining the course of action Consequences of this law will likely lead to hundreds of inmates released into the streets without parole supervision, resources, money and training how to assimilate back into society Public safety may be compromised (Insert after “life prisoner”) The defense may argue that the defendant has exceeded the maximum time allowable by law or that he should be released on bail or OR while the court and the DA figure out what to do. This is INCORRECT
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This concludes the overview of the changes in the Three Strikes law as a result of the passage of Proposition 36. DDA Jennifer Dawson will now address some of the specifics at it relates to the Prop. 36 hearings.
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PROPOSITION 36 HEARINGS DDA Jennifer Dawson
So if you have a resentencing hearing
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If the petitioning defendant is eligible
What evidence do you put on in the hearing? How do you obtain the evidence? What does the court consider in its determination?
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Is the Defendant/Petitioner Eligible for Resentencing?
Penal Code Section (f): Upon receiving a petition for recall of sentence under this section, the court shall determine whether the petitioner satisfies the criteria in subdivision (e). Means D is eligible. Michelle Lauron spoke about the criteria earlier.
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When Defendant/Petitioner is ELIGIBLE for Resentencing
P.C (f): If the petitioner satisfies the criteria in subdivision (e), the petitioner shall be resentenced pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (e) of Section 667 and paragraph (1) of subdivision (c) of Section UNLESS the court in its discretion, determines that resentencing the petitioner would pose an unreasonable risk of danger to public safety. The D SHALL be resentenced…UNLESS
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“Unreasonable Risk of Danger to Public Safety"
This language is very similar to the language used in Lifer Parole Hearings: Title 15, Cal. Code Regulations, Section 2281, sub (a). Regardless of the amount of time served, an inmate shall be found unsuitable for, and denied parole, if in the judgment of the panel the inmate will pose an unreasonable risk of danger to society if released from prison.
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Standard at a Parole Hearing
At a Lifer Parole Hearing you must show a nexus between the crime and current dangerousness. Some examples could be…drug use at time of crime and still using in state prison…lack of insight into why D committed the crime…lack of self-help classes in prison
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What the Court May Consider:
P.C (g): In exercising its discretion in sub (f), the court may consider: Petitioner’s criminal conviction history, including: -types of crimes committed -extent of injury to victims -length of prior prison commitments -remoteness of the crimes You all know how to argue these points.
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What the Court May Consider: cont.
2. Petitioner’s disciplinary record and record of rehabilitation while incarcerated. 3. Any other evidence the court, within its discretion, determines to be relevant in deciding whether a new sentence would result in an unreasonable risk of danger to public safety. #3 is the catch-all phrase. Should be able to argue D’s arrest history, not just convictions, and lack of positive progress in prison.
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What Records to Obtain Updated Rap sheets Police Reports
Your original file(s) Victim statements CDCR C-File (these must be ordered from CDCR)
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Order for Inmate Records
Every CDCR Inmate has a Central File (C-File) Copies from C-Files must be ordered directly from the prison where the inmate is housed You should have copies of the C-Files before you conduct a hearing on whether the defendant/petitioner poses an unreasonable risk of danger to public safety. These SHOULD have been ordered before the file ever makes it to the calendar deputies. They are different and may take some getting used to. Everything about D (inmate) that happens in CDCR should be in this file. May be more than 1 volume—although that shouldn’t matter for your hearing. Know how to use Rap, Police Reports, Probation Report, and Appellate Decision
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C-Files May Contain: Rap Sheet
List of chronos/certificates for self-help List of chronos/certificates for vocations List of chronos/certificates for academics Job assignments List of disciplinary violations Police reports Probation report Appellate Decision Psychological Evaluations Form 812—any gang affiliations Self-help, vocations, and academics show rehabilitation efforts by D. If none shows D’s done nothing for however many years he’s been in. Form 812 (which may not be in records) has to do with gang membership or affiliations in prison.
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Disciplinary Records – Serious Rule Violations – CDCR 115
CDCR Regulation 115: Serious rule violations - could result in a new case Examples: Assault on Peace Officer Assault on inmate Mutual combat Possession of a cell phone Possession of inmate manufactured alcohol Possession of drugs Possession of tattooing devices Disobeying a direct order Cell phones can be used to arrange for drugs or ‘hits”
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Disciplinary Records – Minor Rule Violations – CDCR 128A
CDCR Regulation 128A: Minor violations—called “counseling chronos” Late to work Not going to class 128A are minor violations 128(B) are laudatory chronos—D is doing well.
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Record of Rehabilitation
Vocations Job training Academics Self-help List of classes taken and when Examples AA/NA AVP (Alternatives to Violence) Anger Management Vocations—job training so D has skills to get legit/honest work. Academics—at least general basic knowledge—GED AA/NA= alcoholics anonymous Anger Management may also be conflict resolutions
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What to Inquire of the Defendants
At lifer hearings inmates are often times questioned about their self-help. Do they know the 12 Steps of AA/NA? What did they get out of the classes? How have they used what they learned in classes? If they’ve taken classes and have recent violations—why didn’t the classes help them avoid the confrontation? If inmate blames alcohol or drugs for the offense follow up with why was inmate using in the first place? Did D get anything out of self-help course or did he just take up space?
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How / What to Evaluate Basically it comes down to what has the inmate done while in prison to show he is not the same person who committed the crime in the first place. Types of possible arguments: Inmate claimed under the influence at time of crime and has recent 115 for contraband/pruno/ or UA refusal—shows inmate is still using while in prison. Any violence—under 24/7 observation and still violent. Tattoos—possible gang activity
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How / What to Evaluate Before any inmate is granted a parole date, he must have realistic parole plans. This should matter to court for resentencing consideration as well because if the inmate has no where to live and no job prospects… CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR IS GUARANTEED
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Defendant/Petitioner May or May NOT Appear for the Hearing
Pursuant to PC (i): Defendant/Petitioner has a right to be present at hearing and right to counsel. This right can be waived notwithstanding PC 977(b) Waiver shall be in writing and signed by the defendant. As stated earlier
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This concludes the discussion about the Prop. 36 Hearings.
If after the Prop. 36 Hearing the court grants defendant’s petition for resentencing, the hearing will become a sentencing hearing. SDDA Michael Dowd will now discuss the issues and considerations to be addressed at these resentencing hearings.
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Proposition 36 Resentencing Considerations
SDDA Michael Dowd
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2ND STRIKE PUNISHMENT Term is Doubled What is Doubled?
Current Determinate Crime (Base Term Doubled) Current Indeterminate Crime (Minimum Term Doubled) Enhancements? Not Doubled. Added to term after Doubling.
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CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES
Mandatory when: Current crimes not committed on same occasion and Current crimes not arising from same set of operative facts.
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CONSECUTIVE SENTENCE TO EXISTING SENTENCE
Strike Sentences may be consecutive to existing sentences. Includes CDCR parole revocation. Existing sentence is recalculated per PC (a). Includes Probation Revocation.
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CALCULATING CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES
Consecutive Subordinate Terms in 2nd Strike Cases. 1/3 middle term rule applies, but that gets doubled. Full strength subordinate terms get doubled.
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SAME OCCASION RULE Different from PC 654 Analysis.
Not a “Same Day” Rule. Same Occasion when: Close temporal and spatial proximity Simultaneous offenses against same victims Uninterrupted criminal activity No intervening events
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SAME SET OF OPERATIVE FACTS
Acts and Criminal Conduct that Establish the Elements of a Crime. Irrelevant Factors Crimes committed on same day. One offense in furtherance of other crime. Crimes have single motive.
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CREDIT LIMITATIONS 20% Conduct Credit Limitation
Applies to all 2nd Strike Sentences, determinate enhancements and all prison time. Does not apply to pre-sentence credits only to the time to be spent in State Prison. 15% Limitation of PC overrides if current crime is violent felony. Life term of 3rd Strike Sentence does not make crime “violent” for purposes of credit limitation.
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PC 1170.1 Steps Determine Principal Term
Apply PC 654 to Remaining Counts Consecutive or Concurrent Apply 1/3 Middle term and 1/3 of Enhancement Term to all Subordinate Terms Add Priors Add PC Enhancement.
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STEP #1 – Determining Principal Term
Principal Term consists of: Greatest Term of Imprisonment actually imposed for any crime. Includes any enhancements. Must apply aggravating/mitigating factors to select base term and to enhancement triad before determining. Remember that we double the term selected in a 2nd Strike Sentence.
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STEP #2 – Apply PC 654 Apply PC 654 to remaining counts in order to determine if court even has power to sentence consecutively or concurrently. If PC 654 applies, court must sentence count with longest term of potential imprisonment. Other count(s) must be stayed. Remember that the PC 654 rules are different for 2nd Strike Sentencing purposes.
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STEP #3 – Consecutive or Concurrent
Court must follow the strike law when determining consecutive sentences. The criteria under Rule is not needed to justify a consecutive sentence under the strike law.
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STEP #4 – Apply 1/3 Rules Subordinate Terms for Each Count
1/3 Middle Term 1/3 Enhancement If triad enhancement, 1/3 of any term. Court, though, must give reason for choice other than middle term. Remember that in a 2nd Strike Sentence all subordinate terms are doubled as well.
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STEP #5 – Add Priors PC 667(a), 667.5, HS 11370.2 go here.
Only add Priors once for determinate sentencing. Priors are added on each count for indeterminate sentencing purposes. We do not double the terms on the priors.
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STEP #6 – Add PC Each enhancement is added to the end of the determinate aggregate term. This enhancement is not doubled in a 2nd Strike Sentence.
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WHAT CAN THE COURT CONSIDER?
RULE 4.433 Probation Report Facts in the Record Testimony of Witnesses Victim Impact Sentencing Statements
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RULE 4.433 What Judge Must Do: Determine the Term
State Reasons for any term, sentence or enhancement where reason must be given Determine Enhancements Apply PC 654 and Strike any Term or Allegation Determine Concurrent or Consecutive Determine any Dual Use Issues Pronounce Sentence Inform Defendant of Parole Period (This could be tricky if time is done and credits exceed the sentence)
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CIRCUMSTANCES IN AGGRAVATION
RULE 4.421 Facts Relating to the Crime Facts Relating to the Defendant Other Statutory Factors RULE 4.408 Any additional Factor in the Discretion of the Court Must be stated on the record by the Court Could be Facts of Charges Defendant was not convicted Could be Uncharged or Dismissed Priors Perjury
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CIRCUMSTANCES IN MITIGATION
RULE 4.423 Facts Relating to the Crime Facts Relating to the Defendant Not Factors Plea Bargain Waiver of Jury Trial Confession After Trial Confession to Police, but failure to acknowledge guilt during Case. Addiction RULE 4.408 Any additional Factor in the Discretion of the Court Must be stated on the record by the Court Could be Facts of Charges Defendant was not convicted Could be Uncharged or Dismissed Priors Perjury
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ENHANCEMENTS Impose or Strike
Court can give low term on charge and upper term on enhancement Must give reason for upper term No reason necessary if no triad Remember some enhancements cannot be stricken.
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CONDUCT CREDITS COMPUTATIONS
PC 4019 applies to credits that the defendant has earned locally even on a Second Strike Sentence. The 80% conduct credit limitation applies to state prison time. The PC 4019 Credits that apply to a defendant will depend on a number of factors including date of crime, date of sentencing and when the credits were actually earned.
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Court Rules Regarding Resentencing
Actual Local Custody PC 4019 Credits Actual Prison Custody CDCR will calculate Prison Conduct Credit. People v. Buckhalter (2001) 26 Cal.4th 20 People v. Johnson (2004) 32 Cal.4th 260. Hello, my name is Michelle Lauron, Deputy District Attorney Staff
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Credits Exceed Sentence
PC (a) – “entire term of imprisonment shall be deemed to have been served.” Excess Credits go toward reducing the length of the parole period. This is our best assessment because the new Strike Law does not address this issue.
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A few things… There are unanswered legal questions with this new law.
It is not clear what procedures the court may follow in complying with this new law. It is not clear how great the impact of this law will be on the office dealing with petitions to resentence. The law, procedures and our offices response will likely evolve over time. Special thanks to CDDA Gary Fagan and SDDA Cameron Page who also worked diligently on this project.
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