1. Austria, Prussia and Russia

2. Austria And the Habsburgs

3. Habsburgs w Habsburgs look to east for more power w Bohemia 30 years War, Phase 1 AbsoluteAbsolute control New nobility made up of Catholics loyal to Habsburg rule Peasant life miserable w Turn towards Hungary

4. Ottomans w Muslim rulers from the south w Tolerant of other religions MilletMillet smaller areas under local control paid tax straight to the Sultan w Janissaries Christian boys taken as slaves and trained to be soldiers and officials for Sultan

5. Habsburgs v. Ottomans w 1527 Suleiman almost takes Vienna w 1683 Ottomans attack Vienna again Habsburgs and coalition hold off Counter attack as Ottomans retreat Battle of Zenta w 1687 Battle of Zenta major defeat for Ottomans 30,000 dead v. 500 Peace of Karlowitz w 1689 Peace of Karlowitz Habsburgs get Hungary

6. Habsburgs and Hungary Pragmatic Sanction w 1713 Pragmatic Sanction Single Habsburg ruler would always control Austria, Bohemia and Hungary w Hungarian nobility used to independence and tolerance of past Ottoman rule Resist Habsburg absolutism Nationalist Pride Have ally in Turkey Compromise…Habsburg rule but still independent in respects

7. Prussia And the Hohenzollern

8. Frederick William The Great Elector w R. 1640 - 1688 w Elector of Brandenburg w Gains title over Prussia w Traditionally powerless w Uses political wit and force to unite areas w Junkers nobility and landowning class of Prussia w Creates standing army of 30,000

9. Elector Fred III (King Frederick I) w Useless w More worried about palace than people w Treaty of Utrecht Gains title from HRE for helping in War of Spanish Succession Officially becomes King of Prussia

10. King Frederick William I (r. 1713 - 1740) Freak w Military Freak military w Models Prussian society after the military w Felt Prussia needed to be respected militarily to get a say in world politics w Standing army 83,000

11. Frederick II “The Great” (1740 - 1786) w “First servant of the state.” w Enlightened Despot w Religious tolerance w 1772 First Partition of Poland splits Poland with Russia unifies Brandenburg and Prussia

13. Russia And the Romanovs

14. Russia did not develop at the same pace or time as the rest of Europe. Why? w Russia looked to the Greek Orthodox Church at Constantinople, not Rome w Mongol invasions from 1240-1580 Asiatic invaders Ivan III through out the Mongols in 1580 w Russian Geography No ice free ports

15. Russia’s non-Europeness w Women were secluded, wore veils w Men bearded, skirted garments w Churchmen feared western influence “Abhorred of God is anyone who loves geometry; it is a spiritual sin” Quote from a Russian Bishop

16. Ivan IV 1533-1584 “Terrible” w First to assume the Title of Tsar

18. Time of troubles 1604-1613 w Russian nobles elected series of Tsars and demanded certain assurances of their own liberties w Came to an end with the election of the young Michael Romanov 1613

19. Serfdom w Life worsened w Punishment for killing Serf w 1675 allowed serf to be sold off the land w Steven Razin 1667 led Serf revolt- executed in 1671

20. Russian Orthodox Church Crisis w Russians looked to Patriarch in Constantinople w Constantinople conquered by Muslim Turks w Russia set up independent Patriarch in 1589 w After 1700 no new Patriarch was appointed w Procurator of the Holy Synod Government Official

21. Peter the Great 1682-1725 w Westernizer w As a young man Peter spent a year in western Europe w 1697-1698 recruited 1000 technical experts Don’t copy, compete

22. Streltsi Rebellion 1698 w Form of Feudal rebellion w Streltsi were the Royal guard, tried to overthrow Peter while he was away in the west w Rebellion stopped Peter killed 5 rebels with his own hands

23. Windows on the west w Peter sought ice free ports on the Baltic or Black sea w Brought Russia into conflict with Sweden w Great Northern War 1709-1721 w Charles XII king of Sweden Narva 1700 Russ. 40k; Swed 8K Swed win Peter learns lesson;westernize or die Poltava 1709; Russia wins 1721 treaty of Nystadt; Russia gets windows on the West

24. Peter modernized government w Administration- gubernii Broke Russia into 10 administrative territories

25. Peter against all old w Required all gentry to put sons in school w Simplified russian alphabet w Prepared Russian book of etiquette w Made men shave beards (barber king) w When Peter’s son threatened to return to old ways (Slavophile) Peter ended up having him executed

26. Conclusion w It is not simply that he Europeanized Russia and conquered a place on the Baltic-these developments might have occurred in any case. It is the methods he used that set the character of his empire.