2. Struggles Among the German States Chapter 19:iv

3. Seven leading German princes, called electors, chose a new Holy Roman emperor whenever an emperor died.

4. From the 1400s on, the electors always chose a Habsburg as Holy Roman emperor.

6. In reality, the Holy Roman emperor had little practical control over the rulers of these small, independent states.

7. There was constant friction between the German princes and the Holy Roman emperor.

8. The Peace of Augsburg allowed German princes to choose whether their lands would be Roman Catholic or Lutheran.

9. Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II worked hard to restore Roman Catholicism to the realms he ruled.

10. The Thirty Years’ War began when hot-headed Czech nobles threw two of Ferdinand II’s officials out of an open window onto a dung heap.

11. Cardinal Richelieu of France supported the German Lutherans in order to prevent the Habsburg dynasty from becoming too powerful.

12. Famine and plague broke out in the German states after invading armies looted and burned towns.

16. A typical musketeer and pikeman of the Thirty Years’ War.

17. BANG!

19. Gustavus Adolphus King of Sweden 1611-32 known for his military prowess

21. Swedish Tercio of the 1630's The Swedish were among the first to employ more musketeers than pikemen in their formations.

22. Peace of Westphalia 1648 1. ended Habsburg dream of a strong central gov’t 2. independence of ~300 small German states was recognized 3. acknowledged territorial and political changes of the previous 50 years

23. Rise of Prussia

24. The Hohenzollerns family had ruled Brandenburg since the 1400s.

25. Frederick William, the Great Elector, established strong rule over Brandenburg- Prussia by building a strong army.

26. “A ruler is treated with no consideration if he does not have troops and means of his own.” -Frederick William, the Great Elector

27. German nobles known as Junkers succeeded in resisting Frederick William’s attempts to tax them.

28. King Frederick William I (1688-1740) Reorganized the Prussian army: doubled its size to 80,000 men recruited and trained members of the Junker class as officers drafted peasants to serve as soldiers men swore loyalty to the king

30. Prussia became known as the Sparta of the North under Frederick William I.

31. Frederick II seemed an unlikely successor to Frederick William I because he loved to read books and play the flute.

32. Frederick II continued his father Frederick I’s program of strengthening the Prussian army.

33. Berlin became the Athens of the north, under Frederick the Great.

34. Prussia During the Enligntenment No seaports. Poor mineral resources. Very strong military. Third largest army in Europe.

35. Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI no male heir to inherit throne feared the German princes and nobles would not recognize his daughter Maria Theresa as ruler of Austria

36. P r a g m a t i c S a n c t i o n g u a r a n t e e d H a p s b u r g l a n d s w o u l d n o t b e d i v i d e d r e c o g n i z e d M a r i a T h e r e s a ’ s r i g h t t o t h e A u s t r i a n t h r o n e

37. Maria Theresa (1717-80) became queen of Austria at age 23 -a challenge to her right to rule resulted in The War of the Austrian Succession a capable and decisive ruler

38. The War of the Austrian Succession this war included: King George's War in North America War of Jenkins' Ear (which formally began on 23 October 1739) First Carnatic War in India First and Second Silesian Wars

39. Maria Theresa successfully defended her right to the Austrian crown with the help of Hungarian nobility.

40. P e a c e o f A i x - l a - C h a p e l l e e n d e d t h e W a r o f A u s t r i a n S u c c e s s i o n r e q u i r e d a l l c o m b a t a n t s t o r e t u r n t o p r e - w a r b o r d e r s

41. Frederick the Great benefited from the War of the Austrian Succession because the peace treaty allowed him to keep Silesia.

42. Battle of Leignitz

43. West Prussia in 1648

44. West Prussia in 1789

45. Seven Years War (1756-63) was fought on three continents (Europe, North America, and Asia) was called the French and Indian War in North America

46. P e a c e o f P a r i s G r e a t B r i t a i n a c q u i r e d N e w F r a n c e S p a i n a c q u i r e d L o u i s i a n a F r a n c e r e c o v e r e d t r a d i n g s t a t i o n s i n I n d i a

47. The Partition of Poland Causes: 1: Chaotic political structure. 2: Weak king. 3: Divided nobles. Poland taken by Austria, Hungary, & Russia.