1. State Building and the Search for Order in the Seventeenth Century
Chapter 15
State Building and the
Search for Order in the
Seventeenth Century

2. Timeline

3. Social Crises, War, and Rebellions
Economic Contraction
1630s/40s --  Silver imports from Amer.
Recession, esp. Mediterranean
 Italy as econ./manuf. power
Population Changes
 60M - 85M
1st pop  since Black Death
But: level off &  by war, famine, plague

4. Cont: Social Crises, War, and Rebellions
The Witchcraft Craze
Witchcraft before the sixteenth and seventeenth century
Medieval Church: Withcraft = Devil Worship
13C. Inquisition: “Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live”
Increased prosecutions and executions 16-17C
Accusations against witches -- standard elements
Torture routine to elicit confessions
Reasons for witchcraft prosecutions
Religious uncertainty
Social conditions --  communalism,  indivdual property & econ. uncertainty
Women as primary victims -- widows!
Begins to subside by mid-seventeenth century
16-17C = More than 100,000 victims of Witch Hunts

5. The Thirty Years War (1618 – 1648)
Background
Religious conflict -- Militant Catholicism vs. Milit. Calvinism
Dynastic-nationalist considerations -- Bourbon (Fr.) vs. Hapsburgs (Sp./HRE)
Tensions in the Holy Roman Empire
Palatine Elector Frederick IV & Protestant Union
Bavarian Maximillian & Catholic League
Prot. Nobility resist centralization of Hapsburgs
Europe’s “most senseless & worthless war”

6. 30 Yrs War: Four Phases The Bohemian Phase (1618 – 1625)
1617: Haps. Ferdinand = King
But: Calvinists  accpt Ferd’s Militant Catholicism
1618 Rebellion: nobles defenestrate 2 Haps. Govs. & a Sec’y in Prague Royal Palace -- elect Frederick IV King
Ferd. now HRE -- w/ Maximillian & Cath. League defeat Battle of White Mountain
Spanish invade Palatinate Fred U.P. (Neth.)
Phase I = HRE Victory

7. Cont: 30 Yrs War: Four Phases
The Danish Phase (1625 – 1629)

8. The Franco-Swedish Phase (1635 – 1648) Outcomes
The Swedish Phase (1630 – 1635)
The Franco-Swedish Phase (1635 – 1648)
Outcomes
Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Social and economic effects

9. Map 15.1: The Thirty Years’ War

10. A Military Revolution? War and Politics in Seventeenth-Century Europe
New Tactics
New Technologies
The Cost of a Modern Military

11. Rebellions Peasant Revolts (1590 – 1640)
France, Austria, Hungary, Portugal and Catalonia
Russia (1641, 1645 and 1648)
Switzerland (1656)
Noble Revolts in France (1648 – 1652)

12. Absolute Monarchy in France
Foundations of French Absolutism
Cardinal Richelieu (1624 – 1642)
Policies and goals
Administrative reforms
Cardinal Mazarin (1642 – 1661)
The Fronde – Noble Revolt

13. The Reign of Louis XIV (1643 – 1715)
Administration of the Government
Domination and bribery
Religious Policy
Edict of Fontainebleau (1685)
Financial Issues
Jean Baptist Colbert (1619 – 1683)
Daily Life at Versailles
Purposes of Versailles
Court life and etiquette
The Wars of Louis XIV
Professional army: 100,000 men in peacetime; 400,000 in wartime
Four wars between 1667 – 1713
Invasion of Spanish Netherlands (1667)
Annexation of Alsace and Lorraine, occupation of Strasbourg (1679)
War of the League of Augsburg (1689 – 1697)
War of the Spanish Succession (1702 – 1713)

14. Map 15.2: The Wars of Louis XIV

15. The Decline of Spain Bankruptcies in 1596 and in 1607
Philip III (1598 – 1621)
Philip IV (1621 – 1665)
Gaspar de Guzman and attempts at reform
The Thirty Years’ War
Expensive military campaigns
Civil War
The Netherlands lost

16. Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe
The German States
The Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia
The Hohenzollern Dynasty
Frederick William the Great Elector (1640 – 1688)
Army
General War Commissariat to levy taxes
Frederick III (1688 – 1713)
King of Prussia (1701)

17. Map 15.4: The Growth of Brandenburg-Prussia

18. The Emergence of Austria
Habsburgs
Leopold I (1658 – 1705)
Expands eastward
Conflicts with the Turks
Siege of Vienna (1683)
Multinational Empire

19. Italy: From Spanish to Austrian Rule
Defeat of the French in Italy by Charles V (1530)
Spanish Presence (1559 – 1713)
Consequences of the War of the Spanish Succession

20. Russia: From Fledgling Principality to Major Power
Ivan IV the Terrible (1533 – 1584)
First Tsar
Romanov Dynasty (1613 – 1917)
Stratified Society
Tsar
Landed aristocrats
Peasants and townspeople

21. The Reign of Peter the Great (1689 – 1725)
Visits the West (1697 – 1698)
Reorganizes armed forces
Reorganizes central government
Divides Russia into provinces
Seeks control of the Russian Church
Introduces Western Customs
Book of Etiquettes
Positive Impact of Reforms on Women
“Open a window to the West”
Attacks Sweden
Battle of Narva (1700)
Great Northern War (1701 – 1721)
Battle of Poltava (1709)
Peace of Nystadt (1721)
Russia gains control of Estonia, Livonia and Karelia
St. Petersburg

22. The Winter Palace – St. Petersburg, Russia

23. Map 15.5: Russia: From Principality to Nation-State

24. The Great Northern States
Denmark
Military losses
Bloodless revolution of 1660
Sweden
Gustavus Adolphus (1611 – 1632)
Christina (1633 – 1654)
Charles XI (1697 – 1718)

25. The Ottoman Empire and the Limits of Absolutism
Suleiman the Magnificent (1520 – 1566)
Attacks against Europe
Advances in the Mediterranean
Ottomans viewed as a European Power
New Offensives in the second half of the 17th century
The Limits of Absolutism
Power of rulers not absolute
Local institutions still had power
Power of the aristocracy

26. Map 15.6: The Ottoman Empire

27. The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic
The United Provinces
Internal Dissension
The House of Orange and the Stadholders
The States General opposes the House of Orange
William III (1672 – 1702)
Trade damaged by wars
Life in Seventeenth-Century Amsterdam
Reasons for prosperity

28. England and the Emergence of Constitutional Monarchy
James I (1603 – 1625) and the House of Stuart
Divine Right of Kings
Parliament and the power of the purse
Religious policies
The Puritans
Charles I (1625 – 1649)
Petition of Right
“Personal Rule” (1629 – 1640): Parliament does not meet
Religious policy angers Puritans

29. Civil War (1642 – 1648) Oliver Cromwell New Model Army
Charles I executed (January 30, 1649)
Parliament abolishes the monarchy
Cromwell dissolves Parliament (April 1653)
Cromwell divides country into 11 regions
Cromwell dies (1658)

30. Restoration & a Glorious Revolution
Charles II (1660 – 1685)
Declaration of Indulgence (1672)
Test Act (1673) – Only Anglicans could hold military and civil offices
James II (1685 – 1688)
Devout Catholic
Declaration of Indulgence (1687)
Protestant daughters: Mary and Anne
Catholic son born in 1688
Parliament invites Mary and her husband, William of Orange, to invade England
James II, wife and son flee to France
Mary and William of Orange offered throne (1689)
Bill of Rights
The Toleration Act of 1689

31. Responses to the Revolution
Thomas Hobbes (1588 – 1679)
Leviathan (1651)
People form a commonwealth
People have no right to rebel
John Locke (1632 – 1704)
Two Treatises of Government
Inalienable Rights: Life, Liberty and Property
People and sovereign form a government
If government does not fulfill its duties, people have the right to revolt

32. The Flourishing of European Culture
The Changing Faces of Art
Mannerism and Baroque
Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598 – 1680)
Throne of Saint Peter
Artemisia Gentileschi (1593 – 1653)
Judith Beheading Holofernes
French Classicism and Dutch Realism
French classicism emphasized clarity, simplicity, balance and harmony of design
Dutch Realism: realistic portrayals of secular, everyday life
Rembrandt van Rijn (1606 – 1699)

33. The Baroque Trevi Fountain in Rome

34. A Wondrous Age of Theater
Golden Age of Elizabethan Literature (1580 – 1640)
William Shakespeare (1564 – 1614)
The Globe Theater
Lord Chamberlain’s Company
Spanish Theater
Lope de Vega (1562 – 1635)
Wrote 1500 plays – about 1/3 survive
French Theater (1630s to 1680s)
Jean Baptiste Molière (1622 – 1673)
The Misanthrope
Tartuffe

35. Discussion Questions
Why were so many women targeted during the witchcraft craze?
How did the Thirty Years’ War affect the different participants?
Was French absolutism truly absolute? Why or why not?
What purposes did Versailles serve?
How did Western ideas influence the reign of Peter the Great in Russia?
What gains did Parliament make at the expense of the monarchy during the course of the seventeenth century?
How did English political thinkers react to the the English revolutions?
How did the art and plays that emerged after the Renaissance reflect the societies of their day?

36. Web Links The Museum of Witchcraft Chateau Versailles
The Thirty Years War Homepage
The State Hermitage Museum – St. Petersburg, Russia
Thomas Hobbes
Renaissance and Baroque Architecture
Mr. William Shakespeare and the Internet
National Drama: Spain to 1700