1. Solutions to the Problem Gambling and Crime Connection Henry R. Lesieur, Ph.D. Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital

2. Crime Rates Among Pathological Gamblers GA & treatment Studies -- 50-67% Helpline Study of Problem Gamblers -- 20% admitted crime and 11.5% arrested NORC study -- general population -- 32% of PGs arrested for any crime

3. Prevalence of Offenses -- German Study -- Percent

4. Crime Types Among Pathological Gamblers Forgery, Fraud, Theft, Embezzlement Tax violations (fraud & evasion) Illegal Gambling operation Less common: Burglary, Armed robbery, Drug Sales, Fencing Stolen Goods, Prostitution, Extortion

5. Psychologist as Expert Witness Reviews Materials from Court Interviews Offender and others Evaluates Mental Status Evaluates for Mental Disorders Conducts Psychological Tests Writes Report

6. Psychologist as Expert Witness - 2 Examines issues not covered by pre- sentence investigation -- Emotional Issues -- Family Dysfunction -- Co-occurring Disorders -- Coping Skills

7. Psychologist as Expert Witness - 3 Examines work history (positives as well as negatives) Social supports Gambling Progression Cognitive Distortions Personality Disorder (especially ASPD)

8. Action/Escape Phase ACTION -- become involved; good at it; exciting; early success; bolster self- esteem by gambling; wins=internally produced; losses=externally produced ESCAPE -- gambling to escape from problems, loneliness, depression, anxiety, trauma; gambling = time out, time away from problems

9. Losing/Chasing Phase Losing/Chasing Phase ACTION gambler finds losing intolerable; CHASE after bad beats & serious losses ESCAPE gambler finds “time out” is expensive BOTH use up options for obtaining money as their involvement increases New Money = Big Win

10. Cycles in the Spiral of Options and Involvement 1. Get Money 2. “Moving,” “Manipulating,” or “Juggling” Money 3. Tightening of Resources (Closure) and Need to Make Moral Decision

11. Desperation Phase Desperation Phase Job & Family Disaster Areas Illegal Activities (CG Spiral) Obsession with Getting Out of Trouble Overtakes Excitement Escapes into Gambling Yet No Relief Serious bouts with Depression Suicide Attempts

12. Hopeless Phase Hopeless Phase Getting Even Not Possible No Longer Care Know They Will Lose Continual State of Depression Playing for Action is All That Matters

13. Considerations Before Turning To Crime 1. Opportunity 2. External Agents of Social Control (Police, Family) 3. Beliefs & Justifications 4. Closing of Available Options 5. Threat (to self-esteem, financial threat, Physical threat)

14. CRIME AND STRESS Stress of Gambling Stress of Financial Pressures Stress of Impact on Family Work-related Stress Produce: Anxiety, Depression, and Cognitive Distortions that Impair Judgment and Decision-Making

15. Moral Justifications and Illegal Activity

16. Social Attachment (Meyer & Stadler) Change in Living Condition Relationship to Parents Parental Education Methods Emotional & Social Attachment Involvement in Conventional Activities Belief in Social Rules

17. Addiction Pressures for Crime (Meyer & Stadler) Severity of Pathological Gambling Cravings to Gamble Duration of Gambling Debt & Income/Loss Ratio Emotional & Family Problems Type and Frequency of Gambling

18. Personality and Crime (Meyer & Stadler) Aggressiveness Extroversion Impulsivity; Risk-Motivation Antisocial Personality Frankness; Emotionality Global Mental Status

19. Social Attachment Personality AddictionCriminal Behavior.33.52.25.63.04.48 Crime: Meyer & Stadler

20. The Five “R”s Remorse – evidence of feelings Repentance – evidence of lifestyle changes. What is different? Job situation, marriage, etc. Restitution plan. Is it realistic? Recovery – treatment plan for recovery. Give details and dates. Evidence of compliance Rehabilitation – evidence of change in attitude. Volunteer work, community service, spiritual life style change

21. US Courts & Pathological Gambling Insanity Defense Argued in 1980s (PG does not apply) Federal Sentencing Guidelines Diminished Capacity and Downward Departure “Significantly Reduced Mental Capacity”

22. Minnesota Rule 82 Pathological Gambling Offenders Convicted of Felony Theft, Embezzlement & Forgery PO Screens using SOGS 17% SOGS 5+ Sent for Gambling Assessment

23. Conditions of Probation for Pathological Gamblers Abstinence from Gambling Attendance at GA Community Service Gambling Counseling Restitution Orders How about Exclusion?

24. Gambling Court Modeled after Drug Courts Buffalo, New York 26 th Judicial Court in Louisiana Proposed in Florida

25. Gambling Court - 2 Eligibility Criteria Pathological Gamblers First Offenders Non-violent No drug dealers No sex offenders

26. Gambling Court - 5 Recommendations possible depend on what treatment is available Inpatient treatment (Louisiana only) Intensive Outpatient day treatment Halfway House Outpatient treatment Gamblers Anonymous

27. Gambling Court - 8 No Evaluations of gambling courts conducted to date Drug Courts show 45-50% graduation rates Drug Courts show reduced recidivism in two-thirds of the courts evaluated

28. Pathological Gambling among Prisoners Conducted a Meta-analysis of 10 Studies 19.6% of prisoners level 3 gamblers (probable PGs) Gamblers higher criminality Higher rate of psychopathy Higher rate of Depression Higher Rate of SUD

29. Gambling in Prisons Play Cards for Cigarettes Bet on Horses with prison bookies Sports Betting -- Sell drugs to pay for gambling -- Bet with $$ on outside -- Get into Fights -- Provide services to pay gambling

30. Recommendations for CJS and Pathological Gambling 1. Educate & train CJS personnel 2. Explore Gambling Courts 3. Evaluate and Assess Offenders on Pre-trial basis 4. GA meetings in Prisons 5. PG Treatment with trained counselors 6. Community Service by ex-prisoners at prison GA meetings