1. DEVIANCE AND CRIME

2. DEVIANCE AND CRIME
DEVIANCE: BEHAVIOR, BELIEFS OR CONDITIONS THAT VIOLATE CULTURAL NORMS
NO ACT OR BELIEF IS INHERENTLY DEVIANT
RELATIVE TO TIME AND CULTURE
SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED

3. FUNCTIONALIST VIEW OF DEVIANCE
DURKHEIM
DEVIANCE OCCURS IN ALL SOCIETIES
DEVIANCE CLARIFIES RULES
DEVIANCE UNITES A GROUP
DEVIANCE PROMOTES SOCIAL CHANGE

4. MERTON’S STRAIN THEORY OF DEVIANCE
FIVE MODES OF ADAPTATION
CONFORMITY
INNOVATION
RITUALISM
RETREATISM
REBELLION

5. Typology of Individual Modes of Adaptation
MODES OF CULTURAL INSTITUTIONALIZED ADAPTATION GOALS MEANS
1. CONFORMITY
2. INNOVATION
3. RITUALISM
4. RETREATISM
5. REBELLION +/ /-

6. Strain Theory: Anomie MAJOR PREMISE STRENGTHS
People who adopt the goals of
society but lack the means to attain them
seek alternatives, such as crime.
MAJOR PREMISE
Points out how competition for success creates
conflict and crime. Suggests that social conditions and not personality can account for crime. Can explain middle- and upper-class crime.
STRENGTHS

7. OPPORTUNITY THEORY OF DEVIANCE
CLOWARD AND OHLIN THEORY
ILLEGITIMATE OPPORTUNITIES EXIST IN SOME SUBCULTURES
WHEN LEGITIMATE MEANS ARE NOT AVAILABLE TO ACQUIRE SOCIETIES GOALS

8. Cultural Deviance Theory: Cloward and Ohlin’s Theory of Opportunity
MAJOR PREMISE:
Blockage of conventional opportunities causes
lower-class youths to join criminal, conflict, or retreatist gangs.
STRENGTHS:
Shows that even illegal opportunities are structured in society. Indicates why people become involved in a particular type of criminal activity. Presents a way of preventing crime.

9. INTERACTIONIST VIEW OF DEVIANCE
DEVIANCE IS LEARNED THROUGH SOCIAL INTERACTION
THEORIES:
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION (EDWIN SUTHERLAND)
LABELING THEORY

10. DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION
DEVIANCE IS LEANED THROUGH ASSOCIATION WITH THOSE MORE FAVORABLE TO DEVIANCE
LEARNING INCLUDES TECHNIQUES, MOTIVES, ATTITUDES AND RATIONALIZATION
THE ASSOCIATION MUST BE: FREQUENT, INTENSE, AND LONG LASTING

11. Social Learning Theory: Differential Association
Major Premise:
People learn to commit crime
from exposure to antisocial
definitions.
STRENGTHS
Explains onset of criminality. Explains the
presence of crime in all elements of social
structure. Explains why some people in
high-crime areas refrain from criminality.
Can apply to adults and juveniles.

12. LABELING THEORY FOCUSES ON THE PROCESS NOT THE BEHAVIOR
DEVIANTS ARE THOSE WHO HAVE BEEN SUCCESSFULLY LABELED AS DEVIANT
LABELING DONE BY THOSE IN AUTHORITY
PRIMARY DEVIANCE
SECONDARY DEVIANCE

13. Primary and Secondary Deviance
Negative
Label
Social
reaction
Degradation
Ceremonies
Deviant
act
THE
LABELING
PROCESS
Self-
labeling
Secondary
deviance
Deviant
subculture
Deviance
amplification

14. CONFLICT VIEW OF DEVIANCE
THE POWERFUL USE LAW TO PROTECT THEIR INTERESTS
LAW IS USED TO CONTROL LOWER CLASSES
AFFLUENT NOT PROSECUTED AS ARE POOR
THE POOR AND UNEDUCATED MORE LIKELY TO BE ARRESTED AND PROSECUTED

15. Conflict Theory STRENGTHS MAJOR PREMISE
Accounts for class differentials in the crime rate. Shows how class conflict influences behavior.
MAJOR PREMISE
Crime is a function of class conflict. The definition of the law is controlled by people who hold social and political power.

16. CRIME DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CRIME AND DEVIANCE
SOCIOLOGIST CLASSIFICATION OF CRIME
STREET CRIME: PROPERTY AND PERSONS
OCCUPATIONAL/WHITE COLLAR CRIME
CORPORATE CRIME
ORGANIZED CRIME
POLITICAL CRIME

17. Classification of Crime
More serious offenses
Punishable by death
or imprisonment for
more than a year in a
state prison.
FELONY
Less serious offenses
Punishable by incar-
ceration for less than a
year in a local jail or
house of correction.
MISDEMEANOR

18. The General Theory of Crime
Low self-control
Impulsive personality
Crime and deviance
Criminal
Opportunity
Weakening of
social bonds

27. PURPOSES OF PUNISHMENT
RETRIBUTION: VENGEANCE
SOCIAL PROTECTION: INCAPACITATE
REHABILITATION: REFORM
DETERRENCE: FEAR OF PUNISHMENT

28. BENTHAM’S PANOPTICAN

29. EASTERN STATE PENITENTIARY

30. EASTERN STATE PENITENTIARY, PENN

32. ALCATRAZ

34. SAN QUENTIN