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Knock Wood Presented by Anna DiFelice and Megan Dern.

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1 Knock Wood Presented by Anna DiFelice and Megan Dern

2 Background B. F. Skinner – “Father of Radical Behaviorism” Skinner Box Environment Consequences Reinforcers vs. Punishers Extinction

3 Question: Does being superstitious require thinking, knowing, and reasoning? Hypothesis: Operant Conditioning has much to do with superstitious behavior.

4 Theory Knocking on wood, avoiding walking under ladders, stepping on sidewalk cracks, etc. Why do people gain superstitious behaviors? Noncontingent Reinforcement

5 Experiment Method: -Skinner Box -Skinner used Pigeons -Positive reinforcements -Intervals Results: -6/8 trials -Superstitious behaviors -The pigeons believed whatever they were doing affected whether or not they got food -Extinction http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TtfQlkGwE2U

6 Discussion Bowling: -twist and turn your arm -your arm has no effect on the ball -ball’s movement in addition to the consequence creates superstition The effect of high expectations and extinction

7 Another Example 1961 Bruner and Revuski Experiment: -Four Students sit in front of four buttons -Reinforcement every 10 seconds -They all developed a superstitious pattern

8 More Recently 1998 Sagvolden experiment based off of Skinner’s findings ADHD boys vs. non- ADHD boys

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