1. Production of Gaseous Fuels Pongamia Residue - 2
P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi
Enhance the value of Fuel Energy ….

2. Development of Special Inoculum
20 m3/d BGP
About 12 m3 CD inoculum
Feeding of pongamia oil cake in 3:1 DR for 15 days
No feeding of CD before last 3 months
Start of gas production
Continued
Schedule I
2 kg pongamia oil cake with 6 kg water for 5 days
10 cm height
Schedule II
5 kg pongamia oil cake with 15 kg water for 10 days
Drop in gas yield
Increase in gas yield
Constant gas yield (10-15 day) at 30 cm height 2 2

3. Biogas Plant After Feeding of Oil Cake Slurry

4. Evolution of Microbes
This shows the adaptation of bacteria to the environment offered by new substrates possibly by developing into a suitable strain.
This acclimatization is due to fact that,
when the concentrations of inhibitory or toxic materials were slowly increased within the environment,
many microorganisms could rearrange their metabolic resources, thus overcoming the metabolic blockage produced by the normally inhibitory or toxic material.
However, sufficient time should be made available for this rearrangement to take place, whenever there is drastic change in environment (feed material).
The slurry of the biogas plant stabilized with pongamia oil seed cake was used as inoculum for further studies.

5. Continuous Feeding Experimental Investigation in Floating Drum Biogas Plant of 20 m3/d Capacity
Biogas plant (20 m3/d) being fed with jatropha & pongamia oil seed cakes 5 5

6. Total solids and volatile solids concentration in the substrates
Sl. No.
Treatment
Substrate concentration of the daily feed material
Total solids
Volatile solids
kg/d %
Jatropha oil seed cake substrates 1
JC (4.0 DR,0 % CD)
9.25
18.5
8.64
17.3
Pongamia oil seed cake substrates 2
PC (3.5 DR,0 % CD)
8.95
19.9
8.53
19.0 6 6

7. Daily Biogas Production
Pongamia Oil Cake KC [3.5 DR, 0 % CD]
Range of ambient temperature variation 30.7 to 36.6 °C 7 7 7 7

8. Total Volatile Solid Mass Removal Efficiency
Pongamia Oil Cake KC [3.5 DR, 0 % CD] 8 8 8 8

9. Variation of methane and carbon dioxide content in produced biogas from pongamia oil seed cake substrate

10. Specific Methane Yield
Pongamia Oil Cake KC [3.5 DR, 0 % CD] 10 10 10 10

11. Specific Methane Yield
Treatments
m3/kg TS
m3/kg VS
Jatropha oil cake substrates
JC [4.0 DR, 0 % CD]
0.394
0.422
Pongamia oil cake substrates
PC [3.5 DR, 0 % CD]
0.427
0.448 11

12. Other Residue: Shells

13. Analysis of Shells of Pongamia Fruits
Entity
Pongamia Shell (%)
Wood (%)
Ash
4.09
1-3
Volatile matter
66.99
70-80
Fixed carbon
18.95
15-20
Moisture content of Pongamia Shells : 10.6%

14. Ultimate Analysis of Shells
Entity
Pongamia Shell (%)
Wood (%)
Ash
4.09
1-3
Carbon
44.3
44-52
Hydrogen
7.45
5-7
Nitrogen
1.73
Sulfur
0.3
Negligible
Oxygen
42.13
40-48

15. Shells -- Biomass Micro Construction basic chains:
Cellulose
Hemi-cellulose
Lignin
All these are long-chain organic molecules with C, H, O as main constituent elements
Cellulose (generic chemical formula (C6H10O5)n) is the carbohydrate that makes up the main structure of plants.
It is also referred to as "fibre" and is indigestible by humans.
Cotton fibre is almost pure cellulose.

16. Typical Composition of Shelly Wood

17. Thermal Decomposition of Pongamia Shell at Various Heating Rates(HR)

18. Learning from TGA study
Maximum mass loss take place in first stage of pyrolysis (TR oC)
Mass loss rate(%/oC) of shell is high and suitable for thermo-chemical gasification.
Heating rate 10 oC/min. is good for gasification.
This is easy to achieve.
The apparent activation energy of shell is comparable with that of rice husk, corn straw
The shells are having good energy potential for exploitation through thermochemical gasification in a gasifier.

19. Biomass Gasification

20. Gasifier at IIT Delhi

21. Gasifier with I.C. Engine

22. Gas Composition Wood Gas Shell Gas Composition CO2 CO H2 N2 CH4
Gas Sample (%)
11.46
17.03
14.95
55.55
1.02
Shell Gas
Gas
CO2 CO H2 N2
CH4
Sample (%)
9.47
9.71
5.29
74.56
0.96

23. Performance Analysis of Gasifier
Energy content of gas produced per heating value of one unit of shells.
Depends on
Amount of Hydrogen produced per unit mass of shells.
Amount of CO produced per unit mass of shells.
Measure flow rate of gas and composition of gas.
Maximize specific gas energy.

24. Operating parameters of gasifier:
Gas flow rate = 9.51 g/s
Air-Fuel ratio = 4.97
Calorific value of producer gas = 2.29 MJ/m3
Mass of producer gas generated per kg of shell = 5.14 kg of gas/kg of shell

25. Operating parameters of wood and Pongamia shells gasifications
Entity
Pongamia Shells
Wood
gas flow rate (g/s)
9.51
9.62 N
5.46
7.30 Φ
3.62
2.01
(A/F)m
4.97
2.77
CVg (MJ/m3)
2.29
4.48
mg (kg of gas/kg fuel)
5.14
3.54
MWg (kg/kmol)
28.02
25.82
ρ (kg/m3)
1.15
1.06
E (MJ/kg fuel)
10.27
15.01
Cth
0.65
0.84

26. Pongamia residue Peculiarity of Pongamia shell
high lignin content(40.5wt%)
Irregular shape of shells
low bulk density

27. Pelletizatin
Pelletization Using Briquetting Machine

28. Photograph of Pongamia shell pellets
17 mm diameter
Bulk density 460 kg/m3

29. Gasification of Pongamia Shell Pellets
S. No.
Gas Composition
(% Volume)
Pongamia shell pellets (17 mm diameter) gasification
3 nozzle opened
Top opened
2 nozzle opened
Top closed 1 CO
10.5
12.7
10.2
7.8 2 H2
10.3
13.4
11.5
7.1 3
CH4
1.2
1.6
1.4 4
CO2
20.7
13.5
17.9
20.4 5 N2
57.3
58.8
59.2
63.3

30. Engine Test Results Shell Pellets Power output 2.214 kW NOx 111 (ppm)
CO (%)
Exhaust Temp. 357oC
De-oiled Cake Pellets
Power output kW
NOx (ppm)
CO (%)
Exhaust Temp. 360oC

31. Over all conclusions from Pongamia residue pellets
Tavg.)oxidation 861oC
Tmax.)oxidation 983oC
Tavg.)reduction 741oC
η gasification %
Power output kW
Nox (ppm) 111

32. Photograph of Pongamia shell pellets
11.5 mm diameter
Bulk density 469 kg/m3

33. Variation of Producer gas composition
S.No.
Gas Composition (%)
Gas composition for various samples
(from 11.5 mm shell pellets)
Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
Sample 4 5 1 H2
14.46
10.45
10.55
14.03
13.87 2 CO
13.48
12.20
15.52
19.46
15.61 3
CH4
1.71
1.73
1.11
0.98
1.04
CO2
16.66
24.12
18.41
5.98
7.13 N2
53.96
51.49
54.39
59.53
62.35

34. Conclusions from gasification of Pongamia pellets(11.5 mm dia.)
Tavg.)oxidation 831oC
Tmax.)oxidation 1047oC
Tavg.)reduction 700oC
η gasification %
ΔP)overall 98 to 111 mm H2O
It was observed that gasification efficiency was high for 11.5 mm diameter pellets as compared to 17 mm diameter pellets.
It was found that there was an agglomeration of cake pellets with 11.5 mm diameter and these chunks were choking the gasifier reactor
Pongamia de-oiled cake pellets were found to be not suitable for gasification in the downdraft wood gasifier.

35. Photograph of Engine Setup

36. Engine Specification Make Kirloskar Type
Type
Four -stroke direct injection naturally aspirated single cylinder,
C.I. engine modified to operate in SI mode
Bore
87.5 mm
Stroke
110 mm
Cylinder capacity
661.5 cc
Compression ratio
10 (after modification)
Power output
4.4 kW at 1500 rev/min for diesel operation
3.12 kW at 1450 rev/min
Maximum torque
30 Nm at full load at 1500 rev/min for diesel operation
Loading device
Electrical generator

37. Comparison of performance and emission characteristics of engine
S No.
Spark
Timing (obtdc)
Shell pellets(11.5 mm)
Mixture pellets(11.5 mm)
Power output
(kW)
EGT
(oC)
NOx
(ppm) CO
(%vol) 1 20
2.296
387
248
0.10
2.489
338
426
0.06 2 25
2.320
325
266
2.466
332
442
0.07 3 30
2.538
364
289
0.09
2.982
337
764
0.03 4 35
2.975
816
2.343
342
528 5 40
2.217
359
286
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38. Tar formation inside the re-circulating duct of reactor