1. Dividing a Chocolate Cake: The Political Problem of Fairness N.C. League of Municipalities 2004 Annual Conference October 24-26, Raleigh Convention Center Phillip Boyle, Leading and Governing Associates

2. Welcome to Today’s Edition of… Brought to you commercial-free by the N.C. League of Municipalities “But That’s Not Fair!”

3. How Should We Distribute this Chocolate Cake? We want to (or have to) distribute the cake We want to distribute it fairly One solution is pretty obvious…

4. “But That’s Not Fair!” 1.Equal slices for everyone attending 2.Equal slices for everyone invited 3.Equal slices for equal ranks 4.Unequal slices but equal groups 5.Unequal slices but equal meals 6.Unequal slices but equal value 7.Unequal slices but equal opportunity 8.Unequal slices but equal chances 9.Unequal slices but equal votes

5. Fairness in Terms of Who Attendance – equal slices Membership – equal slices Rank – equal slices Groups – unequal slices

6. Fairness in Terms of What Need – unequal slices Value – unequal slices

7. Fairness in Terms of How Competition – unequal slices Lottery – unequal slices Election – unequal slices

8. Fairness: Equal or Unequal? Equal Slices 1.Attendance 2.Invitation 3.Rank Unequal Slices 1.Groups 2.Need 3.Value 4.Competition 5.Lottery 6.Election

9. In Conclusion, It’s Fair to Say 1.Fairness solutions fall into three general categories: who, what, and how 2.Twice as many solutions involve unequal slices, or treating people differently 3.Treating people fairly means sometimes treating them the same (equally), and sometimes treating them differently (unequally) Handout!

10. Thank You! Phillip Boyle, Leading and Governing Associates Phone: 919-918-7067 Email: pboyle@leadingandgoverning.com Web: www.leadingandgoverning.compboyle@leadingandgoverning.com