1. September 22 nd, 2011

2. Singular Nom – um. Gen – i. Dat – o. Acc – um. Abl – o. Plural Nom –a. Gen – orum. Dat – is. Acc – a. Abl – is. Cf. Wheelock, pp. 24-25.

3. Adjectives of the first and second declensions have masculine, feminine, or neuter endings (i.e. Magnus, magna, magnum; cf. Wheelock pp. 25-6). Adjectives must agree with the noun they modify in Gender, Number, and Case. Decline meus, -a, -um (= my) for each gender.

4. Like some second declension masculine nouns that end in –er in the nominative singular, some first and second declension adjectives also end in –er in the masculine, nominative singular. Otherwise decline like any 1 st or 2 nd declension adjective. Cf. Wheelock, p. 33.

5. Adjectives that modify a noun are attributive adjectives. Substantives = Adjectives used as nouns. Bona = “good” OR “a good woman” OR “good things.” Boni = “good” OR “the good men” etc. If an adjective stands alone (i.e. Does not modify a noun) it might be a substantive. Always pay attention to the gender and number. Cf. Wheelock, p. 27

6. Singular: 1 st Person – Sum = I am. 2 nd Person – Es = You are. 3 rd Person – Est = She/He/It is. Plural: 1 st Person – Sumus = We are. 2 nd Person – Estis = You are. 3 rd Person – Sunt = They are. Infinitive – Esse – To be.

7. Sum is an intransitive verb (i.e. It takes no direct object). Copulative verb (i.e. Connects two elements in a sentence). The copulative verb “to be” equates the subject of a sentence with its predicate (i.e. Caesar is a great man – Caesar est vir magnus OR Caesar est magnus). Note that the predicate adjective (and/or noun) agrees with the subject in number and case) – Amicae sunt bonae = The girlfriends are good. Note that in cases of multiple subjects the predicate adjective agrees with the closest one, although often the masculine is used (i.e. The boy and girl are good – Puer et puella sunt boni.).

8. Future tense of first two conjugations characterized by verb stem + bi + personal endings (-o, -s, -t, - mus, -tis,- nt). Laudo, -are (to praise). 1 st – Laudabo = I shall praise. 2 nd – Laudabis = You will praise. 3 rd – Laudabit = He/She/It will praise. 1 st – Laudabimus = We shall praise. 2 nd – Laudabitis = You will praise. 3 rd – Laudabunt = They will praise. Moneo, -ere (to advise). 1 st – Monebo – I shall advise. 2 nd – Monebis = You will advise. 3 rd – Monebit = He/She/It will advise. 1 st – Monebimus = We shall advise. 2 nd – Monebitis = You will advise. 3 rd – Monebunt = They will advise.

11. Imperfect comes from imperfectum “incomplete.” Connotes action in the past that is ongoing, as opposed to action in the past that simply completed. Examples: Caesar conquered Gaul (Perfect – completed action). BUT Caesar was conquering Gaul (Imperfect – incomplete or ongoing action). Translate as “was _ing” OR “used to _.” Imperfect tense for 1 st and 2 nd conjugations characterized by: verb stem + ba + personal endings.

12. Laudo, -are Laudabam – I was praising, used to praise. Laudabas – You were praising, used to praise. Laudabat – He/She/It was praising, used to praise. Laudabamus – We were praising, used to praise. Laudabatis – You were praising, used to praise. Laudabant – They were praising, used to praise. Monebam – I was advising, used to advise. Monebas – You were advising, used to advise. Monebat – He/She/It was advising, used to advise. Monebamus – We were advising, used to advise. Monebatis – You were advising, used to advise. Monebant – They were advising, used to advise. Moneo -ere