2. Animal Science Industry Chris Ellason

3. World Livestock and Poultry billions of animals: Chickens:14.1 Cattle & Buffalo:1.5 Sheep:1.1 Pigs:0.9 Goats:0.7 Horses & Mules:0.08

4. Food Production in the US billions of pounds produced, 2000: Milk:168 Broilers:30.8 Beef:25.4 Pork:18.6 Turkey:5.3 Eggs:4.7

5. Per Capita Consumption Beef  197084.6 lbs  199664.0 lbs  199863.6 lbs  200064.5 lbs  200264.5 lbs  200562.4 lbs  200762.2 lbs

6. Per Capita Consumption Pork  197056.0 lbs  199645.2 lbs  199848.2 lbs  200047.8 lbs  200248.2 lbs  200546.5 lbs  200747.3 lbs

7. Per Capita Consumption Lamb  19702.9 lbs  19960.8 lbs  19980.9 lbs  20000.8 lbs  20020.9 lbs  20050.8 lbs  20070.8 lbs

8. Per Capita Consumption Broilers  197048.7 lbs  199663.1 lbs  199864.3 lbs  200067.9 lbs  200270.7 lbs  200573.6 lbs  200773.7 lbs

9. Per Capita Consumption Fluid Milk and Cream  1970275.3 lbs  1996213.9 lbs  1998207.4 lbs  2000203.6 lbs  2002199.3 lbs  2005193.9 lbs  2007191.4 lbs

10. Per Capita Consumption Cheese  197011.4 lbs  199627.3 lbs  199827.8 lbs  200029.8 lbs  200230.5 lbs  200531.4 lbs  200732.7 lbs

11. The Changing Industry

12. Farm Population  195114.2%  196111.1%  1971 4.6%  1981 2.6%  1991 1.8%  2001 1.6%

13. Farm Size  1951225 acres  1971384 acres  1981425 acres  1991467 acres  2005445 acres

14. When and How Farms Have Changed  Major shifts occurred in the 40’s and 50’s  Farms became more specialized  Increased efficiency as a result of specialization  In 1940 one farm could support 18.5 people  Today one farm can support 135 people

15. Why US Farms are so Productive  Our Economic System  Land and Climatic Conditions  Our Educational Systems  Specialized Agribusiness

16. Significant Agriculture Legislation  Morrill Act 1862  Provide a portion of federal land in each state to establish a college  Land-Grant College Act 1862  Established the “agricultural college” concept  Hatch Act 1887  Established research funding for Land-Grant colleges (Experiment station)  Smith - Lever Act 1914  Financed the county agent extension system to get research information to the people (Cooperative Extension)

17. Sources of Agricultural Information  Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)  Established by the United Nations in 1945  Collects, evaluates, and disseminates information on world trends in food and population  Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST)  Formed in 1972 to identify food-related issues and interpret related scientific research

18. Role of Animals  High Quality Protein Foodsource  Diet Palatability  Land Use and Conservation  Food Economy  Companion Animals

19. Concerns for Animal Production:  Can the earth’s land and water produce enough food for the growing population?  Should we feed animals as intermediaries in the food chain?  Why do humans “prefer” animal products in their diet?

20. Beef Industry  Seedstock Producers  Commercial Cow-Calf Producers  Yearling/Stocker Operator

21. Seedstock  Purebred producers  Concerned with genetics  Concerned with appearance  Body composition  Color  Show cattle

22. Cow-Calf Production  Involves some 33 million head of beef cows distributed throughout the country  Most are concentrated in areas where forage is abundant  16 states have over 700,000 hd each  75% of the US total  Approx. 60% of the 850,000 beef cattle operations have less than 50 hd per operation

23. US Beef Cow Operations and Inventory Operations Inventory Herd Size (No. Cows) Percent of Total 1-497828 50-991219 100-499938 500+115

24. Stocker/Yearling Production  Cattle are fed for growth prior to their going into the feedlot for finishing  Primary basis is to market available forage and high-roughage feeds  Grass, crop residue, wheat pasture, silage  More desirable for early maturing cattle  Larger framed, later maturing cattle are more efficient and profitable if they go directly into the feedlot

25. Stocker/Yearling Production Packer Feedlot Weaned Cattle Wintered or Custom Lot Summer Grazing Wintered Summer Grazing

26. Feedlot  Cattle fed in small pens where feed is brought to them on a daily basis  Approx. 23 million feedlot cattle are fed in various states  Fed a high grain diet  95% of feedlot cattle are fed in feedlots with over 1000 head capacity  A few have capacities over 100,000 head

27. Beef Industry  Feeders  Packers  Retailers  Consumers

28. Dairy Industry  Larger Farms Dominate  9% of Dairies produce over 1/2 total milk  70% of the US dairy herd is concentrated in large dairies of over 100 cows  These dairies represent just 20% of all US dairies  Movement of dairies  Specialization of Farms  Feeding systems

29. Horse Industry  1997 approximately 6.9 million horses in US  Used primarily as recreation or companion animal  43% recreational activities  29% show  10% racing  Remainder used for rodeos and work  In 1997, 200,000 Horses slaughter in US  How many are slaughtered today?

30. Poultry Industry  Dramatic changes in 60’s and 70’s  Integration  Corporate owned operations  Control of all segments of the growing and processing is by one company

31. Broiler Production  Most are contract grown for a company  ConAgra  Tyson  Pilgrims  Operator owns houses, equipment and furnishes labor  Contractor furnishes, birds, feed, field service, dressing and marketing

32. Broiler Production  Payment is made in relation to a group of producers assigned as a contemporary group  The better the operation does in relation to its contemporaries the higher the bonuses

33. Sheep and Goat Industry  Versatile and efficient, especially in developing countries  Tend to be more well adapted to arid tropical climates than cattle  Often grazed in tandem with cattle because they utilize different forage sources

34. Sheep and Goat Industry  Goats tend to be more efficient browsers  Sheep prefer short grasses and some broadleaf weeds and other plants  World sheep numbers in 1999 were the highest on record  Primarily in China, Australia, India, Iran and New Zealand

35. Sheep and Goat Industry  Purebred breeders  Commercial market lamb producers  Commercial feedlots

36. Swine Industry  Beginning to go the direction of the poultry industry  Corporate contracted growing  China is far and away the leader in swine numbers  As in dairy industry farm number is declining while production increases

37. Swine Industry  Four major swine operations  Feeder pig production  Feeder pig finishing  Farrow to finish  Seedstock producer

38. Other Significant Animal Industries  Aquaculture  Bison  Elk  Wildlife

39. Adaptation  Adaptation – the sum of the adjustments that occur in an organism that promotes its welfare and survival in a specific environment  Agricultural animals must have the ability to adapt to both the natural and man made environments  The symbiotic relationship is key in domestication of animals

40. 5 Classes of Stresses  Climatic  Nutritional  Internal  Geographical  Social

41. 3 Ways to Change or React to Stressors  Morphological or anatomical changes  Physiological changes  Behavioral changes

42. Biotechnology and New Advancements  Bovine Somatotropin (bST)  Sexed Semen  Gene Splicing - DNA manipulation  Embryo Transfer, splitting, freezing  Bypass nutrients  Enzyme feeding  Taste alterations by feedstuffs

43. Animal Science Disciplines  Nutrition  Reproductive Physiology  Animal Health  Environmental Physiology  Genetics  Environmental Sciences  Food Science and Technology

44. Jobs in Animal Science  College Professor  Veterinarian  Consulting Nutritionist  Meat Inspector  Feed Company Sales/Nutrition  Animal Health Sales/R&D  Allied Industry Sales/R&D

45. Jobs in Animal Science  Graduate School  Extension Service  Ag Teacher  USDA  State Chemist Departments  Natural Resources Management