1. Herbicide Control of Lygodium microphyllum Jeff Hutchinson and Dr. Ken Langeland University of Florida, Department of Agronomy Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants EISS 2007

3. Recommended Herbicides

4. Site Dependent Wet (water present) 1) Glyphosate 2) Triclopyr Dry (no water present) 1) Metsulfuron methyl 2) Imazapic NOTES: 1) Refer to label prior to herbicide application 2) Use 0.5% non-ionic surfactant (v/v) with all herbicides and mixtures

5. RATES GroundAerial High VolumeLow Volume Glyphosate1-3% product3.75-7.5 pt / 20 gal Triclopyr1-2% productN/A Imazapic0.75-1.5 % productN/A Metsulfuron2 oz / 100 gal2 oz / 20 gal

6. Tank Mixes Combinations of: 1) Glyphosate 2) Metsulfuron methyl 3) Triclopyr 4) Imazapic

7. Tank Mixes For heavy infestations, tank mixes should not exceed 4% total products. For light to medium infestations, tank mixes should not exceed 2% total products. Need to take into account ca. density of native plants at treatment site.

8. Rotation and Tank Mixes of Herbicides  Resistance prevention Metsulfuron Imazapic Imazapyr Imazamox Metsulfuron Imazapic Imazapyr Imazamox Glyphosate Triclopyr

9. Non-Target Damage Expect non-target damage - Depends on Lygodium density Native ferns Rare plants

10. Initial Treatment Follow-up Treatments

11. Cut or not cut? Poodle-cut / SprayNo poodle-cut / Spray

12. Monitoring / Re-treatment 1.Re-growth occurs quickly following treatment 2.Treated sites need to be re-visited every 6 months (minimum) 3.Treat all re-growth

13. Average Treatment Cost / Ha $400$600$800$1000$1200$1400 Cut and Spray (Rodeo) Aerial (Rodeo) Aerial (Escort) Ground Treatments (ca. $1600+) or $630/acre Aerial Treatments (ca. $185) or $73/acre $1600$200 $100

14. Research

15. 14 C Herbicide Translocation Results * * * * * * * * * * * *

16. Metsulfuron methyl Triclopyr

17. Greenhouse Herbicide Screening Dry Weight Biomass (post-treatment) HerbicideDry Weight (g) Glyphosate0.13 Metsulfuron methyl0.61 Imazapyr4.07 Imazapic3.58 Quinclorac8.01 Penoxsulam7.71 Imazamox10.37 Triclopyr0.00 Control9.68

18. HerbicideRate (kg a.e.)Dry Weight (g) Imazamox0.062.27 0.120.35 0.240.03 0.480.01 Fluroxypyr5.256.34 10.58.63 21.03.51 42.01.00 Aminopyralid0.0152.09 0.035.35 0.060.48 0.123.84 Dry Weight Biomass

19. Herbicide % Change L. microphyllum % Change Native Plants % Change Species Richness Glyphosate 2%- 84.1- 56.9+ 2.8 Metsulfuron 2 oz- 74.6- 31.6+ 2.5 Triclopyr 2%- 91.5- 31.4- 5.1 Imazapic 1.5%- 82.8- 71.5- 48.5 Metsulfuron + Glyphosate - 89.1- 53.8- 27.3 Metsulfuron + Triclopyr - 91.5- 43.6- 24.3 Glyphosate + Imazapic - 92.4- 55.3- 30.1 Field Trial Results (6 months)

20. Aerial Application - Loxahatchee NWR Lygodium microphyllum Pre-treatment1 Year Post Trt TreatmentMeanS.E.MeanS.E.% Change Escort 2 oz67.334.400.380.14- 99.44 Escort 4 oz59.462.621.470.48- 97.53 Rodeo 3.75 pt.66.503.647.001.62- 89.47 Rodeo 7.50 pt.69.722.358.071.31- 88.43 Control46.015.1456.974.79+ 23.82

21. Swamp fern Cinnamon fern Virginia chain fern Royal fern Wild grape Green brier Escort (2 oz) Pre22.41.10.40.88.610.4 1 Yr1.50.1<0.10.021.20.9 % Change-93.5-90.2-94.8-100.0+147.4-91.7 Escort (4 oz) Pre26.30.70.51.39.314.4 1 Yr3.10.40.3 23.00.5 % Change-88.4-45.1-44.3-77.3+148.5-96.5 Glyphos (3.75 pt) Pre32.70.80.21.811.119.0 1 Yr6.32.92.40.412.80.5 % Change-80.6+280.5+1523.3-78.2+15.0-97.6 Glyphos (7.5 pt) Pre25.81.10.81.810.814.1 1 Yr2.34.32.40.422.10.3 % Change-90.9+291.9+183.0-80.7+105.8-98.2 Control Pre33.31.31.80.47.212.0 1 Yr38.39.50.20.92.64.9 % Change+15.0+635.7-88.1+112.6-63.8-56.5 Ground Cover

22. % Survival Swamp bay Dahoon holly Wax myrtle Myrsine Metsulfuron (2 oz)80.882.471.26.7 Metsulfuron (4 oz)89.779.180.50.0 Glyphosate 3.75 pt54.085.432.0100.0 Glyphosate 7.5 pt24.552.220.866.7 Control100.0 70.4100.0 Shrubs / Trees

23. Conclusions 1.Herbicides (glyphosate, metsulfuron methyl, triclopyr, and imazapic) are effective 2.Tank mixes of these herbicides are acceptable, but lower rates should be used in areas of lower infestations 3.Non-target damage will be unavoidable 4.Regardless of the herbicide or herbicides used, re-treatment will likely be required

24. Question s