1. PRESIDENCIES ON THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT STANDARD 8.1 E.Q. HOW DID EACH PRESIDENT IMPACT THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT?

2. EISENHOWER PRESIDENCY Little Rock Nine: governor refuses to obey Brown v. Board decision, Eisenhower places national Guard under federal control to escort and protect the 9 black students & order 1,000 paratroopers into the city.

3. KENNEDY PRESIDENCIES James Meredith: 1 st African American student to attend University of Mississippi Governor denied his registration JFK sent in US marshals to escort him to registration, riots occurred as a results.

4. JOHNSON PRESIDENCIES Kerner Commission: Its goal was to study the cause of urban violence Finding pointed to white racism as the main cause. Civil Rights Act of 1968: Banned Discrimination in housing. Civil Rights Act of 1964: made segregation illegal in all public accommodations. Voting Rights Act of 1965: eliminated literacy test & enabled federal examiners to register voters.

5. SUPPORT BY PUBLIC Malcolm X: Former Minster of the Nation of Islam Preached a militant approach to civil rights; Urged blacks to separate from whites After his pilgrimage to Mecca his attitude towards whites charged as did his message Killed in Harlem by members of the Nation of Islam. National of Islam: Led by Elijah Muhammad; also known as Black Muslims.

6. STOKELY CARMICHAEL AND BLACK PANTHERS Stokely Carmichael: Urged SNCC to stop recruiting whites; Promoted black pride (Black Power) Worked with also Huey Newton that was involved in the Black Powers Movement Black Power: MLK objected to this slogan because he thought it provoked violence. Black Panthers: Political group formed to fight against police brutality in the ghetto; advocate black power.

7. BLACK PANTHERS De – Jure: Segregation by law. De – Facto: Segregation by practice or custom.

8. IMPACT OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS Participation of women in the civil rights movement prompted them to from organization such as NOW (National Organization for Women) Roe v. Wade: Abortion rights Equal Rights Amendment: Protection of Voting and civil rights for all races, creeds and sex. Affirmative Action: Programs involved making special efforts to hire or enroll groups that have suffered discrimination. Has been challenged in recent years and been called “reverse discrimination”.