1. ERGONOMICS ERGON --> WORK NOMOS --> LAW The Laws to be Observed at Work

2. Human Factor Engineering Human FactorsEngineering Physical and mental work capacityIndustrial design FatigueWork place design Body forces, strength and postureProduct design Body sizesFurniture design Thermal comfort/ heat stress/cold stressMachine design VisionVentilation HearingLighting Perception Acoustics Information processingEngineering control Decision making(Chemical & Physical) Performance and efficiencyBuilding orientation Adaptation and rehabilitationMaintenance Behavior & social relations

3. Ergonomics  Ergonomics means literally the study or measurement of Work  In addition to work as labour for monetary gain, work also includes éSports éLeisure activities éDomestic work éEducation and training éHealth and social services

4. Ergonomics considers human operators variability 4An automobile design has to consider –Range of physical size and strengths of users –Seats are comfortable –Controls readily identifiable and within easy reach –Clear visibility front and rear –Easily read internal instruments –Ease of entry and egress

5. AIMS OF ERGONOMICS èEnsures that human needs for safe and efficient working are met in the design of work system èTo design èAppliances èTechnical Systems èTasks In such a way to improve èHuman Safety èHealth èComfort and èPerformance

6. Basic aims of ergonomics äEfficiency in purposeful activity äTo achieve desired result without äWaste äError äDamage to persons äWorking situation in harmony with the activities of the worker

7. Difficulties in achieving the aims of ergonomics èHuman operator is flexible and adaptable èLarge individual differences èObvious differences: --> Physical size, strength èNot obvious differences --> Culture, style, level of skill Thus a systematic approach and theory are necessary. There should be measurable objectives to be checked and remedial action taken. A detailed study of the science of ergonomics provides these approaches and theories

8. DEFINITIONS OF ERGONOMICS äErgonomics is a means of improving working conditions and reducing illness at work äErgonomics attempts to ‘Fit the Job to the Man’ rather than ‘Fit the Man to the Job’ äErgonomics is concerned with the design of systems in which people carry out work äErgonomics optimizes Efficiency, Health, Safety and Comfort of people through better designs of products and work places

9. Who is a human operator? èSkilled professional using a complex machine in an artificial environment èCustomer who has purchased a new equipment èChild sitting in a classroom èDisabled person in a wheel chair

10. ERGONOMICS and DISCIPLINES Ergonomics is a Multi-Disciplinary Science Ergonomics is also an Inter-Disciplinary Science

11. ERGONOMICS

12. DISCIPLINES IN ERGONOMICS ERGONOMICS PSYCHOLOGY - COGNITIVE -WORK -SOCIAL ANATOMY - ANTHROPOMETRY -BIOMECHANICS PHYSIOLOGY - ENVIRONMENTAL -WORK

13. DISCIPLINES IN ERGONOMICS ERGONOMICS PSYCHOLOGY - COGNITIVE -WORK -SOCIAL ANATOMY - ANTHROPOMETRY -BIOMECHANICS PHYSIOLOGY - ENVIRONMENTAL -WORK TOXICOLOGY ENVRONMENTAL MEDICINE INDUSTRIAL DESIGN OPERATIONS RESEARCH ENGINEERING MANAGEMENTLAWECONOMICS

14. DISCIPLINES IN ERGONOMICS ERGONOMICS PSYCHOLOGY - COGNITIVE -WORK -SOCIAL ANATOMY - ANTHROPOMETRY -BIOMECHANICS PHYSIOLOGY - ENVIRONMENTAL -WORK ARTIFICIAL INTELIGENCE MANUFACTURING WORK ORGANIZATION SYSTEMS DESIGN TOXICOLOGY ENVRONMENTAL MEDICINE INDUSTRIAL DESIGN OPERATIONS RESEARCH ENGINEERING MANAGEMENTLAWECONOMICS

15. ERGONOMICS

16. PROFESSIONS HAVING COMPLEMENTARY ROLES WITH ERGONOMICS ERGONOMICS Safety Officer Civil Engineer Mechanical Engineer Architect Industrial Designer Social Psychologist Ind. Medical Officer Physiotherapist Industrial Nurse Occupational Health Officer

17. ERGO-SYSTEMS Simple ergo-systems ee HH M Complex ergo-systems e M M e M H M H M H H H

18. WHAT IS ERGONOMICS? Ergonomics is: l“Higher productivity and a better place to work” l“The science that saves both lives and dollars” l“Human engineering where the goal is to optimize worker well being and productivity” l“A way of thinking about and planning work so that it suits the capabilities and needs of the people”

19. WHAT IS ERGONOMICS? Ergonomics is a solution finding method for questions like these: _How can human body dimensions be applied to car seat design? _What is the proper height for kitchen counters? _How can traffic lights be programmed for optimal urban traffic flow throughout the day? _How can stereo receiver displays and controls be coded to effectively define their respective functions? _How can the material and design of swim suits for competition be improved for minimal water resistance? _How should computer software and screens work and look best to fit human cognitive capabilities ?

20. Ergonomic needs in a workplace  Physical work environment  Thermal comfort  Noise and vibration control  Adequate and proper lighting  Chemical environment  Control of pollution  General and exhaust ventilation  Work physiology  Control excessive physical load  Avoid physical and muscular fatigue  Adequate rest pauses  Arrangement of static and dynamic work

21. Ergonomic needs in a workplace (Contd.)  Anthropometry (Body sizes)  Designs to fit body sizes of users  Appropriate working levels  Adequate work space  Avoid overcrowding of machines and workers  Occupational Biomechanics  Appropriate work postures (sitting, standing)  Safe load lifting and carrying techniques  Adopt proper techniques in manual materials handling

22. Ergonomic needs in a workplace (Contd.)  Psychological aspects  Avoid perceptual and mental loads and fatigue  Appropriate design of displays and control  Appropriate conditions for Vigilance tasks  Avoid human error and stress  Job motivation and satisfaction  Social psychology  Practice good relationship among employees and between employer and employee

23. Ergonomic needs in a workplace (Contd,)  Macro ergonomics  Suitable working hours, intervals, holidays, leave  Appropriate shift schedules  Welfare facilities  Job rotation and incentives schemes  Fair salary structure, Good administrative structure  Good work organization schemes  Fringe benefits (housing, transport, sports)  Labour union facilities  Training and education  Promotional prospects

24. Ergonomic needs in a workplace (Contd.)  Safety and Ergonomics  Good housekeeping  Performance feedback  Systems ergonomics  Systems groups in problem solving and development work  Participative ergonomics  User centered designs

25. Benefits of ergonomics èProductivity èProduct quality èSafety èHealth èReliability èJob satisfaction èPersonal development

26. The Questions Employers Need Answers For: nDeveloping new products nIncreasing production capacity nIdentifying equipment and labor needs nIdentifying costs of manufacturing products nDetermining work hours and shift schedules nDefining job productivity and quality standards nSetting compensation levels nIdentifying skills for tasks nStructuring tasks into jobs nIncreasing the available workforce by reducing problematic tasks

27. TRADITIONAL AND PRESENT DAY TOOLS AND MACHINES TraditionalPresent Day 4Relatively simpleIncreasingly complex 4Made by the userMade by a manufacturer 4Small number madeLarge number made 4Design error - smallDesign error - profound consequencesconsequences 4Product competitive-Marketing competitiveness ness unimportantvital 4Restricted user- popu-Wide variation in user lation characteristicspopulation

28. HOW CAN ERGONOMICS CONTRIBUTE TO TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN INDUSTRIALLY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 4By adaptation of technology of the west 4By improving working conditions through ergonomics interventions 4By developing traditional methods 4In acquiring modern technology 4In modifying techniques Need Training and Education in Ergonomics

29. Ergonomic contributions to development in industrially developing countries 2Research on basic data needs 2Promote special abilities 2Refine simple methods 2More appropriate “experts” 2Action learning (Learning by doing, not imitating) 2Better supported education and research 2Re-conceptualize standard setting

30. Present trend of occupational diseases and complaints Factors% of diseases and complaints lErgonomics52.9 lChemicals22.1 lNoise12.1 lBiological 3.2 lOther causes 9.5 WHY? èMore sedentary work èFewer distinct work types èLess muscle usage èMore static than dynamic work

31. Some important ergonomic requirements (From ILO Ergonomic Checkpoints) Materials storage and handling òClear and mark transport routes òProvide ramps of 5-8% inclination instead of small stairs òUse mechanical devices for lifting, lowering and moving heavy material òInstead of carrying heavy weights divide them into smaller lightweights e.g. 2x10 kg instead of 20 kg. òCombine heavy lifting with physically lighter tasks

32. Some important ergonomic requirements (From ILO Ergonomic Checkpoints) Hand Tools 4Use hanging tools for operations repeated in the same place 4Provide hand support when using precision tools 4Provide hand tools with a grip of the proper thickness (hand diameter 30-40 mm, handle length 125 mm and size to fit male hands) 4Provide a home for each tool (Enables good housekeeping)

33. Some important ergonomic requirements (From ILO Ergonomic Checkpoints) Production machine safety ãLocate controls in sequence of operations ãMake displays and signals easy to distinguish and easy to read ãUse properly fixed guards and interlock devices

34. Some important ergonomic requirements (From ILO Ergonomic Checkpoints) Improving workstation design ýAdjust the working height around elbow level ýLight work: at elbow level ýPrecision work: above elbow level ýHard work: below elbow level

35. Some important ergonomic requirements (From ILO Ergonomic Checkpoints) Lighting Increased use of daylight Light up the work area evenly Sufficient lighting for working Local lighting for precision work Removing shiny surfaces Avoid glare

36. Some important ergonomic requirements (From ILO Ergonomic Checkpoints) Premises ÔPrevent the exposure to excessive heat ÔInstall effective local exhaust systems ÔIncrease the use of natural ventilation

37. Some important ergonomic requirements (From ILO Ergonomic Checkpoints) Welfare facilities Provide effective and acceptable personal protective devices

38. Some important ergonomic requirements (From ILO Ergonomic Checkpoints) Work Organization Involve worker in planning Inform the worker the results of their work Job enrichment (combine tasks)