1. 2-1 Module 3 Walking Along the Road Crashes

2. 2-2 Walking Along the Road Crashes Learning Outcomes:  Describe the Operational and Safety Benefits of Shoulders and Sidewalks  Define the Design Requirements for Sidewalks

3. 2-3 Strategic Highway Safety Plan Statewide-coordinated safety plan that provides: comprehensive framework to reduce highway fatalities and serious injuries on all public roads. Establishes statewide goals, objectives, and key emphasis areas Stakeholder involvement 2 Challenge Areas – Bikes, Pedestrians

4. 2-4 Walking along the road crashes account for 10-15% of all pedestrian crashes: - Less in urban areas - More in rural areas They are easily preventable by Shoulders & Sidewalks. NCHRP 500, Strategy 9.1 A1: Provide Sidewalks/Walkways and Curb Ramps

5. 2-5 Shoulders & Sidewalks: Crash Reduction Factors (CRF):  Paved shoulders reduce pedestrian crashes up to 80%  Sidewalks reduce pedestrian crashes up to 88% (most sidewalk crashes occur at driveways) NCHRP 500, Strategy 9.1 A1: Provide Sidewalks/Walkways and Curb Ramps

6. 2-6 Shoulders serve pedestrians in rural areas Benton County OR

7. 2-7 For motorists: For motorists:  Room to avoid crashes Benton County OR Shoulders improve safety for all users

8. 2-8 For bicyclists: For bicyclists:  A place to ride Benton County OR Shoulders improve safety for all users

9. 2-9 Shoulders improve safety for all users Benton County OR For pedestrians: For pedestrians:  A place to walk

10. 2-10 At a certain point, sidewalks are needed Canyonville OR

11. 2-11 “Goat trail” indicates sidewalks are needed Redmond OR

12. 2-12 The AASHTO “Green Book” states: “Sidewalks are integral parts of city streets” Sidewalks are not added to streets, they are part of the street

13. 2-13 Sidewalks reduce the risk of pedestrian crashes Salem OR Proven CRF = 88% CRF = Crash Reduction Factor

14. 2-14 Curbs & sidewalks are more likely to slow traffic than a speed sign Sidewalks define an urban street Coburg OR

15. 2-15 Sidewalks should not end midblock Fredericksburg VA

16. 2-16 A sidewalk on one side only is not OK Discussion: Why are sidewalks on 1 side not OK? Answer: Pedestrians walk in street, or cross twice

17. 2-17 Characteristics of good sidewalk design 1.Proper width 2.Clear of obstacles 3.Smooth & level surfaces 4.Separated from traffic

18. 2-18 Sidewalk Corridor - The Zone System Sidewalk corridor extends from the edge of roadway to the edge of right-of-way:  Curb zone  Furniture zone  Pedestrian zone  Frontage zone

19. 2-19 ADA requirements for sidewalks Well-designed sidewalks meet ADA requirements:  Sidewalks should be wide & clear of obstructions (4’ minimum clearance);  Sidewalk surface should be smooth;  Sidewalk surface should be at 2% max cross-slope;  Sidewalk surface should be level across driveways. Using the zone system creates a safer and more pleasant place to walk, and makes it easier to meet all ADA requirements. Note: many slides include older photos that show non-compliant sidewalk features, especially ramps without the truncated domes

20. 2-20 http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/envir onment/sidewalk2/index.htm Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access – Best Practices Design Guide

21. 2-21 Curb Zone

22. 2-22 Furniture Zone

23. 2-23 Planting Strip Boulevard Buffer Buffer Zone Collector Strip Devil’s Strip Idiot Strip Furnishing Zone Furniture Zone Government Grass Grass Lawn Greenway Hell Strip Kill Strip Landscape Area Park Strip The Parking Landscape Strip Lawn Extension Parking Strip Parkway Parkway Strip Planter Strip Snow Zone Terrace Tree Lawn Utility Strip Verge Boulevard Strip

24. 2-24 The furniture zone matters: It keeps the sidewalk clear Ashland OR

25. 2-25 Randomly arranged street furniture clutters sidewalk Silverton OR

26. 2-26 Carefully arranged street furniture leaves sidewalk clear Washington DC

27. 2-27 The furniture zone matters: Without it, obstructions block the sidewalk Ashland OR

28. 2-28 All the “stuff” goes in the furniture zone All these things go here!

29. 2-29 Planter strip also helps define driveways, making them easier for drivers to find Corvallis OR

30. 2-30 Parked cars create a good buffer (especially on narrow sidewalks) Philadelphia PA

31. 2-31 Pedestrian Zone

32. 2-32 5 feet (1.5 m) necessary for two people to walk comfortably side by side (or to pass each other) Henderson, NV

33. 2-33 Width of curbside sidewalk (least desirable) should be measured from back of curb (not face of curb) A 6’ curbtight sidewalk is nominally a 4’ sidewalk according to AASHTO Measure from back of curb AASHTO recommends an extra 2’ buffer 6’

34. 2-34 Measure from here Independence OR

35. 2-35 “Nominal” sw width Narrow curbside sidewalk loses part of its usable width Augusta ME Narrow curbside sidewalk provides no buffer

36. 2-36 ADA 3’ min clearance is NOT an acceptable S/W width * New guidelines min. clearance = 4’ Salem OR

37. 2-37 Narrow curbside sidewalks are inadequate in commercial areas Reno NV

38. 2-38 A sidewalk should be as wide as needed to serve anticipated pedestrian use (use HCM ped LOS) Salem OR

39. 2-39 Frontage Zone

40. 2-40 Shy distance concept applies to pedestrians, who will shy away from a vertical face; extra width is needed Reno NV

41. 2-41 The type of fence material impacts pedestrian comfort: the sidewalk on the left is wider, but feels constrained because of high chain link fence

42. 2-42 Street Parking Curb Zone FurnitureZone PedestrianZone Frontage Zone The Zone System - Summary 1 st example: residential street

43. 2-43StreetParking Curb Zone FurnitureZone PedestrianZone Frontage Zone Washington DC The Zone System - Summary 2 nd example: commercial street

44. 2-44 Desired clearances should be specified in specs 2’ recommended Specifying sidewalk width is not enough:

45. 2-45 Utilities & poles should not obstruct sidewalk Las Vegas NV

46. 2-46 There are simple solutions Salem OR

47. 2-47 Sidewalk can wrap around pole Amity OR

48. 2-48 Curbs & drainage are the greatest sidewalk cost Grants Pass OR

49. 2-49 Curbless sidewalks are possible Amity OR

50. 2-50 Sidewalk can be placed behind a ditch or swale

51. 2-51 This sidewalk cost little to install w/o curb Amity OR

52. 2-52 Driveways Driveways are the source of most conflicts with motor vehicles on sidewalks

53. 2-53 Driveways built like intersections encourage high-speed turns

54. 2-54 Driveways built like driveways encourage slow-speed turns

55. 2-55 This driveway was built like an intersection Reno NV

56. 2-56 Driver exits at high speed, not looking at pedestrians

57. 2-57 ADA requirements for driveways  A minimum passage of 3’ (soon to be 4’) at 2% max cross-slope must be maintained across driveways

58. 2-58 On wide curbside sidewalks, a level area (3’ min.) behind driveway is maintained (will increase to 4’) 3’ Portland OR

59. 2-59 Easiest way to maintain level passage With separated sidewalks

60. 2-60 Separated sidewalk keeps sidewalk level at driveways Salem OR

61. 2-61 Walking Along the Road Crashes Learning Outcomes: 1. Crash Reduction Factors: Rural environments:  Paved shoulders reduce ped crashes up to 80% Urban environments:  Sidewalks reduce ped crashes up to 88% (most sidewalk crashes occur at driveways)

62. 2-62 Walking Along the Road Crashes Learning Outcomes: 2.Sidewalk Design: The zone system  What are the 4 zones? 1.The curb zone 2.The furniture/planter/buffer zone 3.The pedestrian/walking zone 4.The frontage zone

63. 2-63 Walking Along the Road Crashes Learning Outcomes: 3.Sidewalk Design: Essential characteristics How should the walking zone be designed?  Smooth  Separated from traffic  Clear of obstructions  Level cross-slope (max 2%)

64. 2-64 Bicyclist Behavior:  3 Biking Behaviors: Integrated (vehicular cycling in shared lanes following same rules as other vehicles) Separated (cycling in bike lanes) Segregated (cycling on facilities separated from the roadway by curb or other barrier, or on independent path)

65. 2-65 Questions?