1. Soil Properties and Behaviour
Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

2. Drained Land in the Midwest

3. 95B—Southern Wisconsin and Northern Illinois Drift Plain
98—Southern Michigan and Northern Indiana Drift Plain
105—Northern Mississippi Valley Loess Hills
108A and 108B—Illinois and Iowa Deep Loess and Drift
110—Northern Illinois and Indiana Heavy Till Plain
113—Central Claypan Areas
114B—Southern Illinois and Indiana Thin Loess and Till Plain, Western Part
115A, 115B, and 115C—Central Mississippi Valley Wooded Slopes
120B—Kentucky and Indiana Sandstone and Shale Hills and Valleys, Northwestern Part
131A—Southern Mississippi River Alluvium
134—Southern Mississippi Valley Loess

4. Typical cross section showing the relationship of parent materials to soils in Cass County.

5. Hickory
Silt Loam
This well and moderately-well drained "timber soil" formed in less than 20 inches of loess over Illinoian drift. It occupies 1.3 million acres in the state. It has a PI of 80.

6. Typical cross section showing the relationship of parent materials to soils in Cass County.

7. Sable-Ipava Soil Association
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8. Sable Silty Clay Loam
This poorly drained "prairie soil" formed in more than 60 inches of loess. There are about 925,000 acres mapped in Illinois. It has a PI of 155.

9. Typical pattern of soils and parent material in the Drummer-Flanagan association.

10. Drummer Silty Clay Loam
This poorly drained "prairie soil" formed in 40 to 60 inches of loess over Wisconsinan drift. It occupies nearly 1.6 million acres. It has a high management level productivity index (PI) of 150.

11. Typical pattern of soils and parent material in the Hoyleton-Cisne association.

12. Cisne
Silt Loam
This poorly drained "gray prairie soil" formed in 30 to 55 inches of loess over Illinoian drift. About 730,000 acres occur in south central Illinois. It has a PI of 115.

13. Typical pattern of soils and parent material in the Titus-Beaucoup-Tice association.

14. Soil Constituents
Solid Particles
Soil Solution
Air

15. Saturated (all pores filled)
(Some air, some water)
Field Capacity
Wilting point
(water too tightly held for plant use)

16. Water adheres to soil particles Water held in large pores
Hydroscopic
Water
Capillary
Water
Gravitational
Water
Water adheres to soil particles
Water held in large pores
Available for crop use
Water drains through soil profile
Wilting
Point
Field
Capacity

17. Flowing Tile Positive Pressure i.e. Saturation must occur above
tile drains for water
to enter.

20. Degree of Saturation (S) Volume of water
Volume of pores Vw Vp 20

21. Classification of Particles

22. Simplified Soil Texture Triangle
Soils with more than 30% clay are Clays
Soils with % clay are Clay Loams
Soils with less than 20% clay are Loams unless they have more than 80% sand
Soils with more than 80% sand are Sands
Soils with more than 50% sand are Sandy
Soils with more than 50% silt are Silty

23. Water States by Soil Texture

24. Classification by Permeability1
Rapidly permeable
More than 6 inches per hour
Moderately rapidly permeable
2 to 6 inches per hour 2
Moderately permeable
0.6 to 2 inches per hour 3
Moderately slowly permeable
0.2 to 0.6 inch per hour 4
Slowly permeable
0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour
Very slowly permeable
less than 0.06 inch per hour

25. Classification by Natural Drainage
Poorly drained
The water table is at or near the surface during the wetter seasons of the year
Very poorly drained
The water table remains near, at, or above the surface much of the time B
Somewhat poorly drained
The water table is near the surface only during the very wettest periods

26. Soil Drainage Groups 2 Cisne 84 Okaw 165 Weir 287 Chauncey 12 Wynoose
DRAINAGE GROUP 4A
(slowly and very slowly permeable, poorly or very poorly drained)
2 Cisne
84 Okaw
165 Weir
287 Chauncey
12 Wynoose
109 Racoon
206 Thorp
460 Ginat
16 Rushville
112 Cowden
208 Sexton
474 Piasa
26 Wagner
120 Huey
218 Newberry
576 Zwingle
45 Denny
136 Brooklyn
261 Niota
633 Traer
DRAINAGE GROUP 2A
(moderately permeable, poorly or very poorly drained)
67 Harpster
142 Patton
244 Hartsburg
594 Reddick
68 Sable
152 Drummer
252 Harvel
648 Clyde
125 Selma
153 Pella
329 Will
316 Romeo

27. Effect of Drain Spacing

28. Illinois Drainage Guide (Online)
Revised 2005
Web based “document”
“Living document”
Interactive design tools
Printable tables and design guides

29. Content Circular 1226 content – Reviewed and revised
Drainage Guidelines
Outlets for Drainage Systems
Surface Drainage
Subsurface Drainage
Basic Terminology

31. Navigation (aka reading the book)
Organized in sections (chapters)
Sections are listed on the left hand side of the screen.
Linked to the pages of content.

32. Navigation (aka reading the book)
Section (Chapter) Title
Links to Utilities and Tables
Boxed text
Additional Bookmarks
Indented text

33. Using the tools
May get a dialog box asking “Do you want to run or save this file.
Also may get a “Unknown publisher” dialog box

34. Using the tools
Select the proper data entry box using the mouse or the tab key.
Some utilities allow mouse control to move through the tables or graphs.

39. The Guide includes an option for county specific simulation of drainage system performance for different soil types. This requires DRAINMOD calibration in different locations and on varying soil types.