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Video – planet Earth – pole to pole
Terrestrial Biomes IB Syllabus: AP Syllabus Ch 6 Video – planet Earth – pole to pole
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Syllabus Statements 2.4.1: Define the term Biome
2.4.2: Explain the distribution, structure and relative productivity of tropical rainforests, deserts, tundra and any other biome
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vocabulary Biome Latitude
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What is a biome? World climate is variable
Differences in temperature and precipitation Different climates Different communities Biomes = Regions of the earth characterized by specific climates and community types Remember they cross national boundaries Real biomes do not have sharply defined boundaries. Ecotones = Transitional zones Biomes not uniform, instead a mosiac of patches Vary in microclimate, soil types, disturbances
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Arctic tundra (polar grasslands) Desert
Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Semidesert, arid grassland Arctic tundra (polar grasslands) Desert Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen coniferous forest (e.g., montane coniferous forest) Tropical rain forest, tropical evergreen forest Mountains (complex zonation) Temperate deciduous forest Tropical deciduous forest Ice Temperate grassland Tropical scrub forest Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral) Tropical savanna, thorn forest
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Major Terrestrial Biomes
Desert Tundra Forests Tropical Rainforest, Tropical deciduous forest Temperate Rainforest, Temperate deciduous Tiaga (Boreal) Grasslands Scrublands Mountains
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For each Biome you should comment in the distribution, climate (read climatograms), structure, relative productivity and limiting factors
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Main Biome Effects Climate and vegetation vary in a predictable
Mountain Ice and snow Altitude Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Coniferous Forest Tropical Deciduous lichens, mosses) Polar ice and snow Latitude Climate and vegetation vary in a predictable fashion with changes in Altitude and Latitude
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Vegetation changes Plants in cold regions have traits to limit heat & water loss Winter dormancy (drop leaves), smaller size, evergreens have needles Plants in dry areas must lose heat and conserve water No leaves, water storage, nocturnal activity Plants in rainforests must get light and remove water Broad leaves, drip tips, radiate heat
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100 30 20 50 10 ft m Tropical rain forest Coniferous forest Deciduous forest Thorn forest Thorn scrub Tall-grass prairie Short-grass prairie Desert scrub Comparison of types, sizes and stratification of species in different terrestrial biomes (structure)
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Deserts Climate Distribution Structure Relative Productivity
Precipitation < 25 cm / yr – scattered unevenly through year Arid May be Tropical, Temperate and Cold types – always extremes High to moderate insolation Distribution 30% of earth surface between 30 degrees north and south of the equator – Major ones Saraha (Africa), Gobi (Asia), Mojave (N. america) Structure Simple – very little vegetation Most complex is temperate desert which has largest cacti Relative Productivity Low – limited by water availability
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World Distribution of Deserts
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Desert Types Tropical Deserts High temp. year round
(Saudi Arabia) Tropical Deserts High temp. year round Little rain, only 1-2 months Driest places on earth Few plants Hard windblown surface: sand & rock Middle East areas
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Desert Types Temperate Deserts Day temp. high in summer, low in winter
(Reno, Nevada) Temperate Deserts Day temp. high in summer, low in winter More precipitation Sparse vegetation – suculents, cacti, animals Southern CA (Mojave)
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Desert Types Cold deserts Winters cold Summers warm to hot
Polar desert (northwest China) Cold deserts Winters cold Summers warm to hot Precipitation low Gobi desert, China
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Plant Adaptations Every drop of water counts
Wax coated leaves limit transpiration Deep roots tap underground water Wide spread shallow roots gather falling water Drop leaves & dormancy in heat & dry periods Store biomass in seeds
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Animal Adaptations Hiding in cool areas during day Thick skin
Dry feces, concentrated urine Water from dew & food Dormancy in heat & drought
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Diamondback rattlesnake
Red-tailed hawk Producer to primary consumer Gambel's quail Primary to secondary consumer Yucca Agave Jack rabbit Collared lizard Secondary to higher-level consumer Prickly pear cactus All producers and consumers to decomposers Roadrunner Diamondback rattlesnake Darkling beetle Bacteria Fungi Kangaroo rat
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Human Impacts on Deserts
Large desert cities Soil destruction by vehicles and urban development Soil salinization from irrigation Depletion of underground water supplies Land disturbance and pollution from mineral extraction Storage of toxic and radioactive Wastes Large arrays of solar cells and solar collectors used to produce electricity
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Temperate Grasslands Climate Distribution Structure
Precipitation cm / yr – enough to grow grass, erratic Semiarid fire, drought, animals prevent tree growth May be Tropical, Temperate Moderate insolation Distribution 9% of earth surface Temperate Latitudes – Major onesNA tall grass prairie, steppes, pampas, veldt Grasslands overall up to 40% of earth’s surface Structure Simple – grasses and herbaceous plants Relative Productivity Medium to high – high turnover of grasses, rich soils
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World Distribution of Grasslands
Polar Tundra Alpine Tundra Temperate Grassland Tropical Savanna
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Grassland Types Temperate grasslands Vast plains and rolling hills
(Lawrence, Kansas) Temperate grasslands Vast plains and rolling hills Summer hot & dry Winter cold Sparse, uneven precipitation Thick fertile soils
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Golden eagle Producer to primary consumer Pronghorn antelope Primary to secondary consumer Coyote Grasshopper sparrow Secondary to higher-level consumer Grasshopper All producers and consumers to decomposers Blue stem grass Prairie dog Bacteria Fungi Prairie coneflower
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Tropical grassland (savanna)
Grassland Types Tropical Grasslands Savannas High average temp Moderate rainfall Prolonged drought Herds of herbivores Grazing & Browsing Africa, SA, Australia Migrations in dry season Tropical grassland (savanna) (Harare, Zimbabwe)
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Herbivore coexistence
Minimize competition by resource partitioning African animals differ by region & niche 1. Giraffes eat leaves from tree tops Elephants eat leaves and branches further down Gazelles & Wildebeasts eat short grasses Zebras eat longer grass & stems
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Dry Grassland Moist Grassland
Cape buffalo Wildebeest Beisa oryx Topi Warthog Thompson's gazelle Waterbuck Grant's zebra Dry Grassland Moist Grassland
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Dry Thorn Scrub Riverine Forest
Giraffe African elephant Gerenuk Black rhino Dik-dik East African eland Blue duiker Greater kudu Bushbuck Dry Thorn Scrub Riverine Forest
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Human effects on Grasslands
Conversion of savanna and temperate grassland to cropland Release of CO2 to atmosphere from burning and conversion of grassland to cropland Overgrazing of tropical and temperate grasslands by livestock Damage to fragile arctic tundra by oil production, air and water pollution, and vehicles
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Tundra Climate Distribution Structure Relative Productivity
Precipitation < 15 cm / yr – mostly snow & summer rain Arid Bitter cold -57 – 50 °C - permafrost low insolation gives short growing season Distribution 60 – 75 °N latitude – northern North America, Asia, Greenland About 20% of the earth’s surface Structure Simple – low spongy mat of vegetation, lichens, mosses Even trees are less than knee high Relative Productivity Low – limited by temperature and insolation
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Tundra Distribution
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Polar grassland (arctic tundra)
Treeless spongy mat of low growing plants Common breeding area b/c predators visible Organisms migratory Cold & Windy & Dark Ice & snow cover Low precipitation but poor drainage b/c Permafrost Polar grassland (arctic tundra) (Fort Yukon, Alaska)
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Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer
Long-tailed jaeger Producer to primary consumer Grizzly bear Caribou Primary to secondary consumer Mosquito Secondary to higher-level consumer Snowy owl Arctic fox Horned lark All consumers and producers to decomposers Willow ptarmigan Dwarf willow Lemming Mountain cranberry Moss campion
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Forest Types Undisturbed areas with moderate to high rainfall
Dominated by various species of trees and other vegetation 3 main types of forest – Tropical, Temperate, Boreal
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World Distribution of Forests
Temperate coniferous forests Temperate deciduous forests Tropical rain forests
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Tropical Rainforest Climate Distribution Structure
Precipitation over 150 cm / yr – Wet – still rainy and dry seasons Warm humid year round climate 80 °F high insolation gives long growing season Distribution 23.5 °N to 23.5 °S latitude – Tropic of Capricorn to Cancer About 2% of the earth’s surface Three chunks – S. & C. America, C. Africa, SE Asia Structure Complex – stratified layers High diversity % of terrestrial species Relative Productivity Highest in terrestrial system – unlimited by temperature and insolation
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Tropical Rainforest Tropical Rainforest Broadleaved evergreen trees
High biological diversity, Specialized niches, Much of animal life found in canopy layer Stratification of life in different tree layers increases niche partitioning Paradox high diversity but very poor soils Rapid recycling of nutrients Little nutrients stay in soil most taken back into plants Dense forest limits wind animal pollinators Tropical Rainforest Tropical rain forest (Manaus, Brazil)
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45 Emergent layer 40 35 Canopy 30 Height (meters) 25 20 Understory 15
Harpy eagle 40 35 Toco toucan Canopy 30 Height (meters) 25 20 Understory Wooly opossum 15 10 Brazilian tapir Shrub layer 5 Black-crowned antpitta Ground layer
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Harpy eagle Ocelot Blue and gold macaw Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Squirrel monkeys Climbing monstera palm Secondary to higher-level consumer Katydid Slaty-tailed trogon Green tree snake All producers and consumers to decomposers Tree frog Ants Bromeliad Fungi Bacteria
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Diverse forests cleared
Replaced with monospecific stands – tree plantations Songbird species often spend time in these areas Top predators hunted out and displaced Fragmentation of habitats
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Temperate deciduous forest (Nashville, Tennessee)
Forests Temperate Forests Significant seasonal changes Abundant precipitation throughout year Dominated by a few broadleaved deciduous trees Simple structure Thick layer of leaf litter Once diverse, now predators gone Temperate deciduous forest (Nashville, Tennessee)
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Broad-winged hawk Producer to primary consumer Hairy woodpecker Primary to secondary consumer Gray squirrel White oak Secondary to higher-level consumer White-footed mouse Metallic wood-boring beetle and Metallic wood- boring beetle and larvae White-tailed deer All producers and consumers to decomposers Mountain winterberry Shagbark hickory May beetle Racer Fungi Long-tailed weasel Wood frog Bacteria
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Polar evergreen coniferous forest
Forests Polar evergreen coniferous forest (boreal forest, taiga) (Moscow, Russia) Boreal Forests (Tiaga) Just below tundra Dominated by coniferous tree species Withstand cold, rapid growth in summer Low temperature Low decomposition, high soil acidity In summer soil is waterlogged = muskegs
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Blue jay Great horned owl Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Balsam fir Marten Moose Secondary to higher-level consumer White spruce Wolf Bebb willow All producers and consumers to decomposers Pine sawyer beetle and larvae Snowshoe hare Fungi Starflower Bacteria Bunchberry
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Human Effects on Forests
Clearing and degradation of tropical forests for agriculture, livestock grazing, and timber harvesting Clearing of temperate deciduous forests in Europe, Asia, and North America for timber, agriculture, and urban development Clearing of evergreen coniferous forests in North America, Finland, Sweden, Canada, Siberia, and Russia Conversion of diverse forests to less biodiverse tree plantations
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Climatograms Review
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