1. Restoration Ecology

2. Key terms Intervention Mitigation Reallocation Reclamation Re-creation Rehabilitation Remediation Restoration

3. Characteristics of Species Prone To Extinction

4. The 6 th Mass Extinction Estimate: 50,000 species per year Global declines in genetic diversity of wildlife seen; leads to inbreeding depression Global declines in genetic diversity of crops/livestock Global declines in species diversity Global declines in ecosystem function

5. The 6 th Mass Extinction

6. Causes of Declining Biodiversity Loss of Habitat Alien species (non-native/exotic) if they spread rapidly, → Invasive Population Pollution Climate change Overharvesting

7. Habitat

8. Invasive Species

9. Population

10. Pollution

11. Climate Change

12. Overharvesting

13. Helping Nature Heal Humans have disturbed and degraded nature for as long as we have existed We are able to repair some of the damage (ecological restoration) Recovery: linked to the idea “natural climax community will return if we leave it alone” Modern Ecology: this may not be the case (random process)

14. Helping Nature Heal Aims of restoration driven by human values (beauty, recreation, utility) rather than science General principles of restoration are drawn from ecology, hydrology, soil science, etc. Most influential American forester: Gifford Pinchot* Another pioneer: Aldo Leopold

15. Gifford Pinchot Introduced selective harvest and replanting of choice tree species This increased the value of the forest Also produced a sustainable harvest First head of U.S. Forest Service

16. Habitat Destruction Deforestation is the greatest eliminator of species,) followed by coral reefs & wetlands Fragmentation (roads, logging, agriculture) Increase vulnerability Changes migratory patterns (buildings, etc.) Case Study: Birds as indicators (p 195 – 197)

17. Invasive Species Characteristics of Successful Invasive Sp.Characteristics of Vulnerable Ecosystems r-selected speciesClimate similar to habitat of invader Pioneer speciesAbsence of natural predators Long livedEarly successional systems High dispersal rateLow diversity of native species GeneralistsAbsence of fire High genetic variabilityDisturbed by human activities

18. Invasive Species Controlling Invasive Species Do not capture or buy wild plants and animals Do not remove plants and animals from natural areas Do not dump aquarium contents into waterways, wetlands, storm drains Use wood found near your camp site Do not dump unused bait into waterways Brush your dog’s fur after being in woods or water Clean recreational vehicles/gear before going home

19. CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY FOCUSING ON SPECIES

20. Laws and Treaties Lacey Act, 1900; many amendments; forbids interstate trade of illegally harvested plants and animals Convention on International Trade in endangered Species (CITES), 1975; 175 countries Marine Mammal Protection Act, 1972

21. Laws and Treaties Endangered Species Act, 1973; amended in ‘82, ‘85, ‘88 ESA implements CITES agreement US Fish and Wildlife Service is main overseer Controversial at times; spotted owl v. logging in NW US during 1990s

22. Laws and Treaties Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) Conserve biodiversity Sustainably use biodiversity Share the benefits that emerge (ex – pharma- ceuticals)

23. Other Methods Wildlife refuges Gene/seed banks Botanical gardens Wildlife farms Zoos and aquariums

24. Nature Can Be Resilient First step in restoration: stop whatever is causing the damage Ex. – prohibiting logging, mining, etc., may be enough to allow nature to heal by itself Sometimes rebuilding populations of native plants and animals is a simple process of restocking breeding individuals to an area

25. Video Focus Questions: Forest Fires Climate impact on frequency, intensity of fires Human impact on frequency, intensity of fires Natural recovery from fires Restoration efforts Importance of forests

26. CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY FOCUSING ON ECOSYSTEMS

27. Forest Restoration Lumber companies routinely replant forests that they have harvested Mechanical restoration results in a monoculture of uniformly placed trees Japan was almost completely deforested at the end of WWII, now more than 60% is forested Today: Largest reforestation in China; 50 billion trees have been planted over the past 50 years

28. Forest Restoration Urban planting important 2007: UN announced “billion tree campaign” Historically, fire has been important in controlling vegetation in savannas Settlers eliminated fire and grazing by native animals → shrub and tree growth Accumulated veg. is cleared before fires are started; herbicides prevent re-growth

29. Forest Restoration Sequoia National Park: 70 years of fire suppression → dense undergrowth → more fuel for destructive fires

30. Prairie Restoration Before European settlement, prairies covered most of the middle U.S. Tall-grass: eastern edge of the Great Plains. Less than 2% remains Fire is also crucial for prairie restoration; kills many weedy species and removes nutrients (esp. N) The Nature Conservancy has established many preserves to protect tallgrass prairies

31. Prairie Restoration Huge areas of short-grass prairie are being preserved Bison help maintain prairies; with fire, an important tool in restoration

32. Wetland and Stream Restoration Wetlands occupy < 5% of US land; 1/3 of all endangered species spend at least part of their lives in wetlands Until recently governments encouraged drainage for development 1972 Clean Water Act began protecting streams and wetlands by requiring discharge permits for dumping waste into sfc waters

33. Wetland and Stream Restoration For wetlands, sometimes all that’s needed is to stop destructive forces The Everglades is a fresh water river that comes from springs that has been diverted, causing 90% of wading birds to be lost It is hoped that by restoring the former flow will allow the biological community to recover

34. Wetland and Stream Restoration The Chesapeake Bay is a drowned river valley with fresh and salty water mixing Overfishing, sewerage discharge, silt, heavy metals, toxic chemicals from industry and agriculture, oil spills and habitat destruction are causing a loss of productive fisheries Restoration = minimal success

35. Wetland and Stream Restoration Cities: artificial wetlands provide a low-cost way to filter sewerage Stabilizing stream banks, stopping pollution, controlling invasive species, preventing erosion are restoring streams Remediation means finding remedies from problems involving noninvasive techniques Reclamation implies using intense physical or chemical methods to repair ecosystems