1. Knowledge Fusion Research WorkshopOctober 20 - 22 2004 1 A High-level Language for Military Fusion Problems Richard Scherl Computer Science Department Monmouth University

2. Knowledge Fusion Research Workshop October 20 - 22 2004 2 Cognitive Robotics/GoLog Integrating reasoning, perception and action within a uniform theoretical and implementation framework. Logic-based. High-level language.

3. Knowledge Fusion Research Workshop October 20 - 22 2004 3 The Situation Calculus McCarthy and Hayes 1969. A predicate calculus formalization of states, actions, and effects. Reiter 1991,2001.

4. Knowledge Fusion Research Workshop October 20 - 22 2004 4 GOLOG GOLOG -- AlGol in logic. Sequences. Nondeterministic choice of actions. Nondeterministic choice of arguments. Conditions, While loops. Recursion.

5. Knowledge Fusion Research Workshop October 20 - 22 2004 5 Plans Vs Computer Programs There is a long tradition of viewing plans as computer programs. (Green, manna and Waldinger). There are many problems with this view of plans. An agent may not know whether a test is true. Agents may not know enough to execute the action.

6. Knowledge Fusion Research Workshop October 20 - 22 2004 6 Incomplete Knowledge Generally, agents do not have complete knowledge of the world. Formalism must distinguish between what is true in the world and what the agent knows.

7. Knowledge Fusion Research Workshop October 20 - 22 2004 7 Incomplete Knowledge (Cont) Agents must reason about: Actions that produce knowledge --- perception, reading, comunicative acts. The knowledge prerequisites of actions.

8. Knowledge Fusion Research Workshop October 20 - 22 2004 8 References Levesque, Reiter, Lesperance,Lin, Scherl. GOLOG. JLP, 1997. Reiter. Knowledge in action: logical foundations for specifying and implementing dynamical systems. MIT press, 2001. Scherl and Levesque. Knowledge, action, and the frame problem. AIJ, 2003.

9. Knowledge Fusion Research Workshop October 20 - 22 2004 9 Goal Can a similar sort of language be used for the specification of high-level and flexible plans useful in domains relevant to the military and also homeland security?

10. Knowledge Fusion Research Workshop October 20 - 22 2004 10 Example Scenarios Silent prairie: agricultural bio-terrorism exercise developed by the national strategic gaming center at the national defense university Battlespace challenge problem: road to war developed by signal solutions for ARL

11. Knowledge Fusion Research Workshop October 20 - 22 2004 11 Silent Prairie Foot and mouth disease suspected in north Carolina and Kansas Bio-terrorism considered a possibility

12. Knowledge Fusion Research Workshop October 20 - 22 2004 12 Steps FBI notified – but the 82 nd airborne recently returned to north Carolina from Iraq. Need to notify state officials and farm companies. All leaders of states to which N. Carolina cattle are shipped must be notified. Send sample to plum island facility for analysis.

13. Knowledge Fusion Research Workshop October 20 - 22 2004 13 Steps (Cont) Start initial containment strategy (quarantine zones). Notify governor and other state officials. Notify USDA, FDA. Enact regional containment strategy. Notify DHS and DOD. Check to see if there was “chatter” about FMD.

14. Knowledge Fusion Research Workshop October 20 - 22 2004 14 Sample Plan While ¬knows(  x State(x)  Considered(x)) (  X).state(x)?; If ¬Kwhether(Shipto(f,a,x)) then sense_ship(f,a,x) endIf; If knows(Shipto(f,a,x) then notify(f,a,x) endIf; assert(Considered(x)); endWhile;

15. Knowledge Fusion Research Workshop October 20 - 22 2004 15 Battlespace Challenge Problem Signal Solutions 2015 North Korea Kim Jung-Il dies Civil War

16. Knowledge Fusion Research Workshop October 20 - 22 2004 16 Forces Involved U.S. ROK. DPRK Hardliners. DPRK Reformers.

17. Knowledge Fusion Research Workshop October 20 - 22 2004 17 Determining Friend from Foe Sensors(ELINT, SIGINT) HUMINT COP needs to indicate which forces are friends and which are foes (DPRK Hardliners) based upon both intelligence information and inferences.

18. Knowledge Fusion Research Workshop October 20 - 22 2004 18 Rules in Knowledge-Base  x,y hardliner(x)  engages(x,y)  ¬ hardliner(y)  y,z  x supplies(x,y)  hardliner(y)  supplies(x,z)  hardliner(z)

19. Knowledge Fusion Research Workshop October 20 - 22 2004 19 Identify Threats to Inchon Airport Sensors and human intelligence are utilized to identify threats. Which U.S. Units can deal with the threats? How long would it take them to arrive at location of threat given current conditions?

20. Knowledge Fusion Research WorkshopOctober 20 - 22 2004 20

21. Knowledge Fusion Research Workshop October 20 - 22 2004 21 Implementation GoLog interpreter written in Prolog Integration into Jade agent platform Http://jade.tilab.com

22. Knowledge Fusion Research Workshop October 20 - 22 2004 22 Further Topics Concurrency (ConGolog, IndiGolog) Exogenous actions Probabilistic action occurrences and effects Ability Time Integrating semantic web ontology languages

23. Knowledge Fusion Research Workshop October 20 - 22 2004 23 Theory of Actions (Cont) Real time, resource bounded behavior Belief revision Execution monitoring and failure recovery Automated plan construction