1. Confession in the Early Church -The Most Boring PowerPoint Ever- by the most boring teacher ever, Señor Mercer

2. Confession among the Early Christians Contrary to the claims of some, confession in existed among the earliest Christians. It certainly did not look like it does today, but the basic form was there.

3. The Real Debate The real debate in the early Church was not whether or not to confess, but rather... 1. Whether or not to confess privately or publicly! 2. Whether or not some sins were unforgivable!

4. The Didache Written sometime between 120 & 170 A.D. “Didache” means “teaching.” This book describes in great detail an early Christian community.

5. The Didache "Confess your sins in church, and do not go up to your prayer with an evil conscience. This is the way of life.... On the Lord’s Day gather together, break bread, and give thanks, after confessing your transgressions so that your sacrifice may be pure" (Didache 4:14, 14:1).

6. The Epistle of Barnabas Written between 70 & 130 A.D. May or may not have been written by St. Barnabas, friend of the Apostles.

7. The Epistle of Barnabas "You shall confess your sins. You shall not go to prayer with an evil conscience. This is the way of light" (Letter of Barnabas 19).

8. St. Ignatius of Antioch Bishop and Martyr, Ignatius was the 3rd bishop of Antioch, a MAJOR city. Possibly knew St. John the Apostle Martyred c. 108 in Rome

9. St. Ignatius of Antioch And as many as shall, in the exercise of penance, return into the unity of the Church, these, too, shall belong to God, that they may live according to Jesus Christ" (Letter to the Philadelphians 3).

10. St. Irenaeus of Lyons Bishop of Lyons, France Major Church figure in the 2nd century Was ordained by Polycarp, who was ordained by St. John Died c. 202

11. St. Irenaeus of Lyons "[Wicked teachers] have deluded many women.... Their consciences have been branded as with a hot iron. Some of these women make a public confession, but others are ashamed to do this, and in silence, as if withdrawing from themselves the hope of the life of God, they either apostatize entirely or hesitate between the two courses" (Against Heresies 1:22 [A.D. 189]).

12. Tertullian Like Irenaeus, he was another major figure in the 2nd century Church. Died c. 220 A.D.

13. Tertullian "[Regarding confession, some] flee from this work as being an exposure of themselves, or they put it off from day to day. I presume they are more mindful of modesty than of salvation, like those who contract a disease in the more shameful parts of the body and shun making themselves known to the physicians; and thus they perish along with their own bashfulness" (Repentance 10:1 [A.D. 203]).

14. Capt. James Tiberius Kirk Born Mar. 22, 2233 Died “twice”: 2293/2371 arguably the most famous and highly- decorated starship captain in the history of the Federation Starfleet.

16. Hippolytus Born c. 170 Died c. 236 One of the most prolific writers in early Christianity Lived mostly in Rome

17. Hippolytus "[The bishop conducting the ordination of the new bishop shall pray:] God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ.... Pour forth now that power which comes from you, from your royal Spirit, which you gave to your beloved Son, Jesus Christ, and which he bestowed upon his holy apostles... and grant this your servant, whom you have chosen for the episcopate, [the power] to feed your holy flock and to serve without blame as your high priest, ministering night and day to propitiate unceasingly before your face and to offer to you the gifts of your holy Church, and by the Spirit of the high priesthood to have the authority to forgive sins, in accord with your command" (Apostolic Tradition 3 [A.D. 215]).

18. Origen Lived c. 185–254 Worked in Alexandria, Egypt (the New York City of its day) Along with Augustine, possibly the greatest Church Father Holds Jesus in a cup of suffering

19. Origen "[A final method of forgiveness], albeit hard and laborious [is] the remission of sins through penance, when the sinner... does not shrink from declaring his sin to a priest of the Lord and from seeking medicine, after the manner of him who say, ‘I said, "To the Lord I will accuse myself of my iniquity"’" (Homilies on Leviticus 2:4 [A.D. 248])

20. St. Cyprian of Carthage Martyred on September 14, 258 Bishop of Carthage

21. Cyprian of Carthage "Of how much greater faith and salutary fear are they who... confess their sins to the priests of God in a straightforward manner and in sorrow, making an open declaration of conscience.... I beseech you, brethren, let everyone who has sinned confess his sin while he is still in this world, while his confession is still admissible, while the satisfaction and remission made through the priests are still pleasing before the Lord" (The Lapsed 15:28)

22. The Spock You Knew

23. ... And the Spock you didn’t

24. Basil the Great c. 330-Jan. 1, 379 Lived and died in present day Asia Minor One of the greatest minds in the history of the Church Looks kinda scary

25. Basil the Great "It is necessary to confess our sins to those to whom the dispensation of God’s mysteries is entrusted [i.e., priests]. Those doing penance of old are found to have done it before the saints. It is written in the Gospel that they confessed their sins to John the Baptist [Matt. 3:6], but in Acts [19:18] they confessed to the apostles" (Rules Briefly Treated 288 [A.D. 374]).

26. John Chrysostom c. 347–407 Bishop of Constantiople His name means “golden- mouth,” i.e., he was a great preacher His first name is also pretty darn good

27. John Chrysostom "Priests have received a power which God has given neither to angels nor to archangels. It was said to them: ‘Whatsoever you shall bind on earth shall be bound in heaven; and whatsoever you shall loose, shall be loosed.’ Temporal rulers have indeed the power of binding; but they can only bind the body. Priests, in contrast, can bind with a bond which pertains to the soul itself and transcends the very heavens. Did [God] not give them all the powers of heaven? ‘Whose sins you shall forgive,’ he says, ‘they are forgiven them; whose sins you shall retain, they are retained.’ What greater power is there than this? The Father has given all judgment to the Son. And now I see the Son placing all this power in the hands of men [Matt. 10:40; John 20:21–23]. They are raised to this dignity as if they were already gathered up to heaven" (The Priesthood 3:5 [A.D. 387]).

28. Ambrose of Milan c. 337/340 – 4 April 397 Bishop of Milan Brought St. Augustine into the Church In his statue form, he looks scary.

29. St. Ambrose of Milan "For those to whom [the right of binding and loosing] has been given, it is plain that either both are allowed, or it is clear that neither is allowed. Both are allowed to the Church, neither is allowed to heresy. For this right has been granted to priests only" (Penance 1:1 [A.D. 388]).

30. St. Jerome c. 347 – September 30, 420 Translated the Bible into Latin (the Vulgate) Like a certain Christian Service Director, he was known for his bad temper Signed autographs for lions

31. St. Jerome "If the serpent, the devil, bites someone secretly, he infects that person with the venom of sin. And if the one who has been bitten keeps silence and does not do penance, and does not want to confess his wound... then his brother and his master, who have the word [of absolution] that will cure him, cannot very well assist him" (Commentary on Ecclesiastes 10:11 [A.D. 388])

32. St. Augustine Born November 13, 354 Died August 28, 430 (aged 75) Along with Origen, possibly the greatest Church Father His first name is also pretty darn good

33. St. Augustine "In the Church, therefore, there are three ways in which sins are forgiven: in baptisms, in prayer, and in the greater humility of penance" (Sermon to Catechumens on the Creed 7:15, 8:16 [A.D. 395]).