1. Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Lab Exercise 24
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Portland Community College
BI 233

2. Introduction
Provides oxygen to the cells of the body and removes carbon dioxide

3. Upper & Lower Respiratory System
Upper Respiratory System
Nose
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx

4. Respiratory system Lower Respiratory System Larynx Trachea Bronchi
Lungs

5. Nasal bones
Frontal and nasal bones form the nasal bridge and processes of the maxillae make up the lateral walls.
Nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into right and left halves formed by vomer and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid

6. Uvula
During swallowing, the soft palate elevates and the uvula closes off the internal nares, preventing food or fluids from entering the nasal cavity.

7. Nasal Cavity

8. Nasal Cavity Superior Middle & Inferior Turbinates or Chonchae
Opening of Auditory Tube
External Nares

9. Nasal Cavity
The nasal epithelium covering the conchae serves to cleanse, warm and humidify the air
Nasal conchae increase the surface areas for the mucus epithelium
The olfactory epithelium in the upper medial part of the nasal cavity is involved in the sense of smell.
The nasal cavity serves as a resonating chamber as well as an avenue for escaping air.

10. Nasal Turbinates or Conchae
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells pushes trapped dust toward the back of the throat to be swallowed. .

12. Sinuses
All the sinuses are continuous with the nasal cavity are lined by mucous membrane.
Mucous secretions drain into the nasal cavities.

13. Pharynx
Connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and esophagus
Anatomically divided into 3 sections:
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

14. Pharynx

15. Tonsils
Pharyngeal Tonsils (Adenoids)
Palatine Tonsils
Lingual Tonsils

16. Tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsils
Tonsils: lymphoid tissue.
Palatine tonsils

17. Larynx: aka Voice Box
Made of 9 pieces of cartilage, the most important are:
Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s Apple)
Thyrohyoid membrane
Cricoid Cartilage
Cricothyroid ligament
Epiglottis

18. Larynx Hyoid Bone Thyrohyoid Membrane Epiglottis Thyrohyoid ligament
Thyroid Cartilage
Cricothyroid Ligament
Cricoid Cartilage
Tracheal Cartilage

19. Inside the Larynx Vestibular Folds: Vocal Cords, or vocal folds
Also called false vocal cords, ventricular band of larynx, ventricular folds, and upper folds
Vocal Cords, or vocal folds
Lower, “true” vocal cords
Attach to the arytenoid cartilages by the vocal ligaments (internal)
Glottis: The vocal cords and the space (rima glottidis) between them.

20. Inside the Larynx

21. Inside the Larynx Corniculate cartilage Cuneiform cartilage
Rima Glottis
True Vocal Cords
Glottis
Epiglottis
Tongue

22. Glottis: True cords plus opening Rima Glottis: The opening

23. Airways Larynx Trachea Right Mainstem Bronchi Left Mainstem Bronchi
The carina is the last cartilage which separates the entrances to the left and right primary bronchi
Secondary Bronchi
Carina
Secondary Bronchi

24. Bronchi
The carina of the last tracheal cartilage marks the end of the trachea and the beginning of the right and left bronchi
Left main stem bronchus
Right main stem bronchus
Bronchi subdivide into secondary bronchi, each supplying a lobe of the lungs

25. Respiratory Tree

26. Branching of Bronchial Tree
Trachea
Primary Bronchi
Secondary Bronchi
Tertiary Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal/Respiratory Bronchioles

27. Lungs Apex: the part under the clavicle
Base: the part touching the diaphragm
Costal Surface: the part touching the ribs
Hilus: indentation containing pulmonary and systemic blood vessels
Left Lung has 2 lobes and a cardiac notch
Left upper lobe
Left lower lobe
Right Lung has 3 lobes
Right upper lobe, middle lobe, lower lobe

28. Lungs Apex Base LUL RUL Oblique fissure Horizontal fissure
Hilus
Horizontal fissure
Cardiac notch
Oblique fissure
LLL
RML
RLL
Base

29. Lungs: Medial View

30. Lung Lobes

31. Pleura Pleura is the double-layered sac of serous membrane
Parietal Pleura is the outer layer and is attached to the thoracic walls
Visceral Pleura is the inner layer covering the lung tissue
The layers are only touching, they are not fused together
The potential space is called the pleural cavity
There is serous fluid between the layers which allows them to slide against each other during breathing

32. Pleural cavity is in between the two layers

33. Mediastinum The area between the lungs. Posterior to the sternum
Anterior to the vertebrae
Contains the heart, great vessels, esophagus and thymus

34. Trachea Histology Composed of three layers
Mucosa: made up of goblet cells and ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Submucosa: connective tissue deep to the mucosa
Adventitia: outermost layer, has C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

35. Trachea

36. Trachea Histology

37. Trachea Histology

38. Seromucous Glands (Trachea)

39. Trachea Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Submucosa with seromucous glands
Hyaline Cartilage

40. Bronchi Bronchioles Tissue walls of bronchi mimic that of the trachea
As conducting tubes become smaller, structural changes occur and eventually they become bronchioles
Cartilage support structures change
Bronchioles differ from bronchi in that they lack cartilage
Epithelium types change
Amount of smooth muscle increases

41. Bronchi Histology

42. Bronchiole Histology Notice the lack of cartilage
Simple columnar epithelium
Notice the lack of cartilage

43. Bronchioles Respiratory Bronchioles
Respiratory Bronchioles : Continued branching leads to the area where gas exchange occurs by simple diffusion

44. Respiratory Bronchioles Alveolar Ducts Alveolar sacs

45. Alveolar sacs Alveoli Alveolar sacs look like clusters of grapes
The “individual grapes” are Alveoli

46. Alveoli Histology

47. Type II Pneumocytes are cuboidal and produce surfactant
Type 1 Pneumocytes are flattened for gas exchange

49. Respiratory Membrane
The area where gas exchange between air and blood occurs
It is the fused alveolar and capillary walls (3 layers)
Squamous type 1 alveolar epithelium
Fused basal laminae
Squamous endothelial cells in pulmonary capillaries

50. Respiratory Membrane

51. The End Make sure that you can identify structures on the models
Identify the structures on microscopes