1. Splanchnology

2. Composition: Characters of viscera Alimentary system 消化系统
Respiratory system 呼吸系统
Urinary system 泌尿系统
Reproductive system 生殖系统
Characters of viscera
Most of viscera organs lies in the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities
All of them communicate with external environment through some orifices or channels

3. Reference lines of thorax
Anterior median line
Sternal line
Midclavicular line
Parasternal line
Anterior axillary line
Post axillary line
Midaxillary line
Scapular line
Posterior median line

5. The abdominal regions Nine regions
Left and right hypochondriac region, epigastric region
L . and R. lateral regions of abdomen, umbilical region
L. and R. inguinal region, pubic region

6. Four quadrants
Left and right upper quadrants
Left and right lower quadrants

7. The Respiratory System

8. Composition Nose Pharynx upper respiratory tract Larynx Catch a cold
Trachea
lower respiratory tract
Bronchi
Lungs-paired organs of respiration
Function: supply the body with oxygen and to get rid of excess carbon dioxide resulting from cell metabolism

9. Nose 鼻 paranasal sinuses External nose: Root of nose Back of nose
Apex of nose
Alae nasi (nosewing)
Nasal cavity –divided into two halves by nasal septum
paranasal sinuses

10. Two parts: Nasal vestibule Proper nasal cavity Boundaries
Roof－cribriform plate of ethmoid
Floor－hard palate
Medial wall－nasal septum
Lateral wall
Nasal conchae: superior, middle and inferior
Nasal meatus: superior, middle and inferior

11. Mucous membrane of nose
Olfactory( sense of smell) region嗅区: superior nasal conchae and the mucosa of septum opposite it. contains olfactory cells
Respiratory region 呼吸区: its function is to warm, moisten, and clean the inspired air

12. The paranasal sinuses and their site of drainage into the nose
Name of sinus
Site of drainage
Frontal sinus
Middle meatus via infundibulum
Maxillary sinus
Middle meatus through semilunar hiatus
Sphenoid sinus
Sphenoethmoidal recess
Ethmoidal sinuses
Middle meatus
Superior nasal meatus

13. Frontal sinus
Ethmoidal sinuses
Sphenoid sinus
Maxillary sinus

14. Larynx 喉
Tubular organ
Position－situated in the anterior middle part of the neck (below the hyoid bone), and extends from the vertebral level of C4 to C6

15. Composition:
encircled by:
Laryngeal cartilages
Laryngeal muscles
Laryngeal fibroelastic membrane

16. Laryngeal cartilages 喉软骨
Thyroid cartilage 甲状软骨
Shield-shaped cartilage
Laryngeal prominence
（adam’s apple） at the base of thyroid notch
Cricoid cartilage 环状软骨
Complete ring of cartilage (shaped like a signet (seal) ring)
at the level of C6

17. Arytenoid 杓状软骨 (ladle)
Paired, pyramid -shaped, articulate with lamina of cricoid cartilage
Vocal process anteriorly, site of posterior attachment of vocal cords

18. Epiglottic cartilage 会厌软骨 leaf-shaped elastic cartilage situated behind the root of the tongue
prevent food from entering the windpipe

19. Muscles of larynx
Increasing tension on the vocal ligament－cricothyroid
Decreasing tension on the vocal ligament－thyroarytenoid
Opening the glottis－posterior cricoarytenoid
Closing the glottis－ cricoarytenoid

20. Laryngeal cavity
Aperture of larynx 喉口－bounded by upper border epiglottic cartilage, aryepiglottic folds and interarytenoid notch

21. The narrowest part of laryngeal cavity
Structure features
Two pairs of shelf- like folds :
Vestibular folds 前庭襞
Vocal folds 声襞
Vocal cords
Two fissures
rima vestibuli 前庭裂
rima glottidis 声门裂
The narrowest part of laryngeal cavity

22. Three parts Laryngeal vestibule 喉前庭 Intermedial cavity of larynx喉中间腔
Extends from the aperture of larynx to the rima vestibuli
Tubercle of epiglottis 会厌结节
Intermedial cavity of larynx喉中间腔
Extends from the level of the rima vestibuli to the level of the fissure of glottis
Ventricle of larynx 喉室 －a small recess between vestibular and vocal folds on each side
Infraglottic cavity 声门下腔
extends from the level of the vocal folds to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage

23. Trachea 气管
Position: extends from the lower border of cricoid cartilage to the level of sternal angle (between T4－T5 vertebrae) where it divides into right and left principal bronchi
Structure features
Consists of about 16－20 C-shaped incomplete tracheal cartilages for patency (being open) connected by smooth muscle and elastic fibers

24. Bronchi 支气管 Right principal bronchus 右主支气管
Shorter, wider, and more vertical than the left , is about 2.5cm long, Foreign bodies are therefore more likely to lodge in this bronchus or one of its branches
Left principal bronchus 左主支气管
Narrower, longer, and more horizontal than the right ,is about 5cm long,

25. Lungs 肺
Position: located in the thoracic cavity on both sides of mediastinum
General features
Cone-shaped, the right lung is shorter and broader, the left one is longer and narrower
Apex of lung－rises 2 ～3 cm above the medial third of clavicle into neck
Base－concave, related to diaphragm, also called diaphragmatic surface
Costal surface－large, convex, related to thoracic wall

26. Medial surface－concave, related to mediastinum and vertebrae
Hilum of lung 肺门：area on medial surface where structures in root enter or leave lung
Root of lung 肺根
Contents
Principal bronchus
Pulmonary artery and vein
Nerves and lymphatics
Surrounded by connective tissue

27. Three borders Lobes and Fissure Right lung Left lung Posterior－blunt
Inferior－ sharp
Anterior－sharp
Lobes and Fissure
Right lung
Two fissures : horizontal oblique
Three lobes : superior, middle, inferior
Left lung
One fissure : oblique
Two lobes : superior and inferior

28. Bronchial tree支气管树
Each principal bronchus divides into lobar bronchi (two on the left, three on the right), each of which supplies a lobe of lung. Each lobar bronchus then divided into segmental bronchi, which supply specific segments of the lung.

29. Bronchopulmonary segments支气管肺段
Wedge shaped, with the base lying peripherally and the apex lying towards the root of lungs, ten in each lung
Each with a segmental bronchus and branches of pulmonary artery
The veins lie both in and between segments

30. The Pleura 胸膜 General features Serous membranes forming closed sacs
Two layers
Visceral pleura－adheres to the lungs, continuous with parietal pleura at the root of lung
Parietal pleura－lines the thoracic cavity

31. Two pleural layers continue with each other at the root of the lung forming closed potential space－pleural cavity 胸膜腔
Contains a small amount of pleural fluid
Subatmospheric pressure in it

32. Named parts of parietal pleura
Cupula of pleura 胸膜顶 －extends up into the neck, over the apex of lung, 2～3cm above the medial third of clavicle
Costal pleura 肋胸膜 －lines the inner surface of the wall of the chest
Mediastinal pleura 纵隔胸膜
Lines mediastinum
Pulmonary ligament 肺韧带 －redundant pleura at root of lung, which extends downward, allows movement of structures forming root of lung
Diaphragmatic pleura 膈胸膜－Lines diaphragm

33. Pleura recesses 胸膜隐窝－potential spaces of pleural cavity which lungs are not occupied in quiet respiration
Costodiaphragmatic recess肋膈隐窝－are the slit-like intervals between costal and diaphragmatic pleurae on each side, the lowest point of pleural cavity
Costomediastinal recess 肋纵隔隐窝－on the left side between the mediastinal pleural and costal pleura

34. The surface projection of lower border of lung and pleurae
Midclavicular lines
Midaxillary lines
Sides of the vertebral column
Lungs
6th rib
8th rib
10th rib
Pleura
12th rib