1. Introduction and Upper Respiratory Tract Prof. K. Sivapalan

2. Function of Respiratory System 22013Upper Respiratory Tract

3. Upper respiratory tract 32013Upper Respiratory Tract

4. Airways Air reaches lungs through nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi which are kept open by cartilage [muscles can obstruct] Broncheols [d < 1.5 mm] have no cartilage and change diameter in response to transpulmonary pressure and smooth muscle tone. Smooth muscle responds to adrenergic, cholinergic and many other agents. 42013Upper Respiratory Tract

5. Airway Resistance 52013Upper Respiratory Tract

6. Function of the Nose- Airconditioning 62013Upper Respiratory Tract

7. Vocal cords are open during breathing. On phonation, the vocal cords move towards each other and vibrate as air passes through. Frequency- tension and thickness. Articulation- lips, tongue and soft palate. Resonators- mouth, nose and sinuses. Vocalization 72013Upper Respiratory Tract

8. Protective Reflexes 82013Upper Respiratory Tract