1. Socialization and the Life Course
Chapter 4

2. Socialization
Lifelong social experiences by which individuals develop their human potential and learn culture
Personality – a person’s fairly consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting
Self – a dimension of personality composed of an individual’s self-awareness and self-image

3. Personality
Enculturation
Cultural Transmission
Hardwiring

4. Social Environment: The Impact of Isolation
Interaction of heredity and environment shape human development
Isabelle and Genie
Primate Studies

5. Figure 13-1: Genie’s Sketch
Source: Curtiss 1977:274. 5

6. Sigmund Freud’s Personality Model
Id – the human being’s basic drives
Ego – a person’s conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society
Superego – the operation of culture within the individual

7. George Herbert Mead Stages of self
1st stage – Preparatory stage – children imitate people around them
2nd stage – Play stage- role taking – mentally assuming the perspective of another
3rd stage – Game stage- can consider tasks and relationships simultaneously

8. Charles Horton Cooley
Looking glass self – we learn who we are by interacting with others
Imagine how we are presenting ourselves
Imagine how people are evaluating us
Form opinions about ourselves based on our perceptions

9. Jean Piaget – Stages of Cognitive Development
1st stage – sensorimotor – level of human development in which individuals experience the world only through sensory contact
2nd stage – preoperational – individuals first use language and other symbols

10. Jean Piaget – Stages of Cognitive Development
Stage 3 – concrete operational – individuals first perceive causal connections in their surroundings
Stage 4 – formal operational – individuals think abstractly and critically

11. Mead: Theory of the Self
Self begins as privileged, central position in a person’s world
As the person matures, the self changes and begins to reflect greater concern about reactions of others
Significant others: Individuals most important in the development of the self

12. Goffman: Presentation of the Self
Impression management: Individual learns to slant presentation of self to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences
Also known as dramaturgical approach
Face-work: Need to maintain proper image of self to continue social interaction

13. Erik Erikson 8 stages of development
Stage 1 – Infancy – trust vs. distrust
Stage 2 - Toddlerhood – autonomy vs. doubt and shame
Stage 3 – Preschool – Initiative vs. guilt
Stage 4 – Pre-Adolescence – industriousness vs. inferiority

14. Erik Erikson Stage 5 – Adolescence – identity vs. confusion
Stage 6 – Young Adulthood – Intimacy vs. isolation
Stage 7 – Middle Adulthood – Making a difference vs. Self-absorption
Stage 8 – Old Age – integrity vs. despair

15. Agents of Socialization
Family
School
Peer groups
Mass media and technology

16. Targeted Socialization
Anticipatory socialization – social learning geared toward gaining a desired position
Resocialization – altering personality through deliberate control of the environment
Total Institution – all aspects of a person’s life are under one authority