1. Ice breaker Petroleum ( 석유 ) 石 油 = Petro- (“rock") / Ole-(“Oil”) Um- Latin suffix Petroleum ( 석유 ) 石 油 = Petro- (“rock") / Ole-(“Oil”) Um- Latin suffix

2. Ice breaker Postmodernism = Post-" (“after") / Latin modo (“just now”) ism = doctrine, case,theory Construction of text. Is it enough? We should consider the context these vocabularies are located. Postmodernism = Post-" (“after") / Latin modo (“just now”) ism = doctrine, case,theory Construction of text. Is it enough? We should consider the context these vocabularies are located.

3. Theoretical framework of on-line learning environment Sun-hong Hwang

4. Essential question What kinds of theories are closely related to online learning to provide theoretical framework of it?

5. “ An explanation, a systematic account of relationships among phenomena ” Mcmillan & Schumacher (1984). Research in education

6. “Theories, by their very nature, are unproved, usually unprovable, and thus are often more troublesome than helpful." Jerry Willis (1984). Computers in the Schools

7. “The power of ideas, as represented in the theories, influences practice directly by focusing perspective, revealing knowledge and suggesting alternatives.” “Theory is also invaluable in guiding the complex practice of a rational process such as teaching and learning at a distance.” “The power of ideas, as represented in the theories, influences practice directly by focusing perspective, revealing knowledge and suggesting alternatives.” “Theory is also invaluable in guiding the complex practice of a rational process such as teaching and learning at a distance.” Randy Garrison (2003)

8. 1960s1970s1980s1990s2000s Industrial model Post Industrial model IndependenceInterdependence TransmissionTransaction Charles Wedemeyer Otto Peters Borje Holmberg Michael Moore

9. “Most distance education theory was dominated by organizational and structural assumptions.” “Concerns with the standardization of a product outweighed issues related to the adaptability of the educational transaction.” Randy Garrison (2003)

10. Theories excess Theory is assumed to be general and abstract, the world, concrete and particular. (Lave & Wenger) Any theory include everything about the topic? (Reigeluth) Contemporary learning theories are mutually supportive. (Jonassen & susan) Theories excess Theory is assumed to be general and abstract, the world, concrete and particular. (Lave & Wenger) Any theory include everything about the topic? (Reigeluth) Contemporary learning theories are mutually supportive. (Jonassen & susan)

11. Criteria Feeling of isolation and lack of interaction – what theories emphasized the social interaction and feeling of belonging? Kearsley(2000) – “engagement theory” which are based upon constructivism and situated learning Feeling of isolation and lack of interaction – what theories emphasized the social interaction and feeling of belonging? Kearsley(2000) – “engagement theory” which are based upon constructivism and situated learning

12. Social constructivism Reality cannot be discovered: it does not exist prior to its social negotiation. Knowledge is socially culturally constructed Learning occurs individuals are engaged in social activities Vygotsky et all.. Reality cannot be discovered: it does not exist prior to its social negotiation. Knowledge is socially culturally constructed Learning occurs individuals are engaged in social activities Vygotsky et all..

13. Vygotsky’s “zone of proximal development” and “scaffolding” concept. Instructional implication - collaboration Vygotsky’s “zone of proximal development” and “scaffolding” concept. Instructional implication - collaboration

14. Situated cognition Sitcog emerged from anthropology, sociology, and cognitive science. The focus has been shifted from learning in school context to situating content in authentic learner activityes Sitcog emerged from anthropology, sociology, and cognitive science. The focus has been shifted from learning in school context to situating content in authentic learner activityes

15. Situated cognition Sitcog emerged from anthropology, sociology, and cognitive science. “The focus has been shifted from individual in environment to individual and environment.” (Bredo, 1994) Sitcog emerged from anthropology, sociology, and cognitive science. “The focus has been shifted from individual in environment to individual and environment.” (Bredo, 1994)

16. learning not only involves teacher and student but also assorted others, such as other experts from the school, from the business and local community, and the electronic world community

17. Learning community (Palloff & Pratt,1999 ; Wilson & Ryder, 1996) Distinguish between learning community and community of practice (Lave & wenger) Virtual communities (Kim, 2000, preece, 2000, Rheingold, 1993) Learning community (Palloff & Pratt,1999 ; Wilson & Ryder, 1996) Distinguish between learning community and community of practice (Lave & wenger) Virtual communities (Kim, 2000, preece, 2000, Rheingold, 1993)

18. Collaboration Community Computer-mediated communication Construct Change of relationship Culture Context C-diagram

19. Confucius... What I hear, I forget. What I see, I remember. What I do, I understand What I hear, I forget. What I see, I remember. What I do, I understand

20. “I have a question for you, teacher. Why do I have to collaborate with other students?” - from your student Do you think learning is kind of social phenomena that can only occur at school? - from your friend “I have a question for you, teacher. Why do I have to collaborate with other students?” - from your student Do you think learning is kind of social phenomena that can only occur at school? - from your friend